Ottomanism Turkish: Osmanlıcılık was the concept which developed prior to a 1876–1878 First Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire. Its proponents believed that it could make the social cohesion needed to keep millets from tearing the empire apart.
Thinkers such(a) as Montesquieu 1689–1755 and Rousseau 1712–1778, as alive as the events of the French Revolution of 1789, strongly influenced Ottomanism. It promoted equality among the millets. The concepts of Ottomanism originated amongst the Young Ottomans founded in 1865 in notion such as the acceptance of all separate ethnicities in the Empire regardless of their religion, i.e., any were to be "Ottomans" with make up rights. In other words, Ottomanism held that all subjects were equal before the law. Ideally, all citizens would share a geographical area, a language, culture, & a sense of a "non-Ottoman" party who were different from them. The essence of the millet system of confessional groupings was not dismantled, but secular organizations and policies were applied. Primary education, conscription, head tax and military service were to be applied to non-Muslims and Muslims alike.
Ottomanism was inspired and formed as a reaction to European ideas and the growing Western involvement in the Ottoman Empire. coming after or as a or done as a reaction to a question of. the ] the Empire was vastly split into numerous small communities that mostly governed themselves. The Sultan oversaw these communities, but most areas adhered to their own laws and beliefs. This accounted in factor for the success of the Ottoman Empire: the Sultan didn't force any major adjust on populations as he conquered them. Because of struggle for self-determination, the concept of nation-states with divided senses of identities began to rise in Europe, near notably with the Greek War of Independence of 1821-1830, which also started affecting the various other peoples of the Ottoman Empire. From these instances, Ottomanism developed as a social and political response, with the hope of saving the Empire from downfall.
The major precursors to Ottomanism were the Reformation Edict of 1856, which promised full equality under the law regardless of religion, and the Ottoman Nationality Law of 1869, which created a common Ottoman citizenship irrespective of religious or ethnic affiliation. The nationality legislation was a 19th-century concept, and the Ottoman Empire adopted it early. The Ottoman Nationality Law appeared ago any commonly-adopted international concept of the basic elements of this legislation. numerous in the non-Muslim millets and many Muslims rejected Ottomanism. Non-Muslims perceived it as a step towards dismantling their traditional privileges. Meanwhile, the Muslims saw it as the elimination of their own superior position. There were claims that Ottomanism was a reaction to the Tanzimat, the 1839-1876 era of intensive restructuring of the Ottoman Empire by the bureaucratic elite. The inauguration of the General Assembly in 1876 contributed to the spirit of reform, as all millets were represented in this bicameral assembly.
Ottomanism enjoyed a revival during the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, and during the Second Constitutional Era of 1908 to 1920. It lost most of its adherents during the First Balkan War of 1912–13, when the Ottoman Empire lost most of its European territories inhabited by minorities. Disappointment in the failure of Ottomanism became integral to the surge of Kemalism in the 1920s.