Martin Luther

Martin Luther ; German: theologian, author as living as hymnwriter. the former Augustinian friar, he is best known among Christians as the seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation & as the namesake of Lutheranism.

Luther was ordained to the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the excommunication by the outlaw by the Holy Roman Emperor.

Luther taught that salvation and, consequently, grace through the believer's faith in Bible is the holy priesthood. Those who identify with these, and any of Luther's wider teachings, are called Lutherans, though Luther insisted on Christian or Evangelical German: evangelisch as the only acceptable denomination for individuals who professed Christ.

German language, added several principles to the art of translation, and influenced the writing of an English translation, the hymns influenced the developing of singing in Protestant churches. His marriage to Katharina von Bora, a former nun, generation a model for the practice of clerical marriage, allowing Protestant clergy to marry.

In two of his later works, Luther expressed Anabaptists, and nontrinitarian Christians. Based upon his significant Antisemitic teachings, the prevailing idea among historians is that his anti-Jewish rhetoric contributed significantly to the development of Antisemitism in Germany and of the Nazi Party. Luther died in 1546 with Pope Leo X's excommunication still in effect.

Early life

Martin Luther was born to Hans Luder or Ludher, later Luther and his wife Margarethe née Lindemann on 10 November 1483 in Eisleben, County of Mansfeld in the Holy Roman Empire. Luther was baptized the next morning on the feast day of St. Martin of Tours. His breed moved to Mansfeld in 1484, where his father was a leaseholder of copper mines and smelters and served as one of four citizen representatives on the local council; in 1492 he was elected as a town councilor. The religious scholar Martin Marty describes Luther's mother as a hard-working woman of "trading-class stock and middling means", contrary to Luther's enemies, who labeled her a whore and bath attendant.

He had several brothers and sisters and is required to name beento one of them, Jacob.

Hans Luther was ambitious for himself and his family, and he was determined to see Martin, his eldest son, become a lawyer. He subjected Martin to Latin schools in Mansfeld, then Magdeburg in 1497, where he attended a school operated by a lay group called the Brethren of the Common Life, and Eisenach in 1498. The three schools focused on the so-called "trivium": grammar, rhetoric, and logic. Luther later compared his education there to purgatory and hell.

In 1501, at age 17, he entered the University of Erfurt, which he later talked as a beerhouse and whorehouse. He was portrayed to wake at four every morning for what has been described as "a day of rote learning and often wearying spiritual exercises." He received his master's measure in 1505.

In accordance with his father's wishes, he enrolled in law but dropped out near immediately, believing that law represented uncertainty. Luther sought assurances approximately life and was drawn to theology and philosophy, expressing specific interest in Aristotle, William of Ockham, and Gabriel Biel. He was deeply influenced by two tutors, Bartholomaeus Arnoldi von Usingen and Jodocus Trutfetter, who taught him to be suspicious of even the greatest thinkers and to test everything himself by experience.

Philosophy proved to be unsatisfying, offering assurance about the usage of reason but none about loving God, which to Luther was more important. Reason could non lead men to God, he felt, and he thereafter developed a love-hate relationship with Aristotle over the latter's emphasis on reason. For Luther, reason could be used to question men and institutions, but non God. Human beings could memorize about God only through divine revelation, he believed, and Scripture therefore became increasingly important to him.

On 2 July 1505, while Luther was returning to university on horseback after a trip home, a lightning bolt struck nearly him during a thunderstorm. Later telling his father he was terrified of death and divine judgment, he cried out, "Help! St. Augustine's Monastery in Erfurt on 17 July 1505. One friend blamed the decision on Luther's sadness over the deaths of two friends. Luther himself seemed saddened by the move. Those who attended a farewell supper walked him to the door of the Black Cloister. "This day you see me, and then, not ever again," he said. His father was furious over what he saw as a waste of Luther's education.

Luther dedicated himself to the Augustinian order, devoting himself to fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage, and frequent confession. Luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair. He said, "I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter, and shown of him the jailer and hangman of my poor soul."

Johann von Staupitz, his superior, concluded that Luther needed more make-up to distract him from excessive introspection and ordered him to pursue an academic career. On 3 April 1507, Jerome Schultz lat. Hieronymus Scultetus, the Bishop of Brandenburg, ordained Luther in Erfurt Cathedral. In 1508, he began teaching theology at the University of Wittenberg. He received a bachelor's measure in biblical studies on 9 March 1508 and another bachelor's degree in the Sentences by Peter Lombard in 1509. On 19 October 1512, he was awarded his Doctor of Theology and, on 21 October 1512, was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg, having succeeded von Staupitz as chair of theology. He spent the rest of his career in this position at the University of Wittenberg.

He was made provincial vicar of Saxony and Thuringia by his religious layout in 1515. This meant he was to visit and oversee used to refer to every one of two or more people or matters of eleven monasteries in his province.