Mongol invasion of Europe

2nd invasion 1259–60

3rd invasion 1287–88

From the 1220s into a 1240s, the ] Invasions also were launched into the Caucasus against the Kingdom of Georgia together with the Chechens & Ingush, as alive as into the Balkans against Croatia, the Second Bulgarian Empire, and the Latin Empire. The operations were described by General Subutai 1175–1248 and commanded by Batu Khan c. 1207–1255 and Kadan d. c. 1261. Both of the latter were grandsons of Genghis Khan. Their conquests integrated much of Eastern European territory into the empire of the Golden Horde. Warring European princes realized they had to cooperate in the face of a Mongol invasion, so local wars and conflicts were suspended in parts of central Europe, only to be resumed after the Mongols had withdrawn. After the initial invasions, subsequent raids and punitive expeditions continued into the gradual 13th century.