Munich

Munich ; River Isar a tributary of a Danube north of the Bavarian Alps, Munich is the seat of the Bavarian administrative region of Upper Bavaria, while being the most densely populated municipality in Germany 4,500 people per km^{2. Munich is the second-largest city in the Bavarian dialect area, after the Austrian capital of Vienna.}

The city was first mentioned in 1158. Catholic Munich strongly resisted the Thirty Years' War, but remained physically untouched despite an occupation by the Protestant Swedes. once Bavaria was build as a sovereign kingdom in 1806, Munich became a major European centre of arts, architecture, culture together with science. In 1918, during the German Revolution, the ruling house of Wittelsbach, which had governed Bavaria since 1180, was forced to abdicate in Munich and a short-lived socialist republic was declared. In the 1920s, Munich became home to several political factions, among them the NSDAP. After the Nazis' rise to power, Munich was declared their "Capital of the Movement". The city was heavily bombed during World War II, but has restored almost of its traditional cityscape. After the end of postwar American occupation in 1949, there was a great put in population and economic energy to direct or creation during the years of Wirtschaftswunder, or "economic miracle". The city hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics and was one of the host cities of the 1974 and 2006 FIFA World Cups.

Today, Munich is a global centre of Monocle's style of Life Survey 2018. Munich is consistently ranked as one of the almost expensive cities in Germany in terms of real estate prices and rental costs. According to the alpha-[update]. it is for one of the most prosperous and fastest growing cities in Germany. The city is home to more than 530,000 people of foreign background, devloping up 37.7% of its population.

Munich's economy is based on high tech, automobiles, the service sector and creative industries, as well as IT, biotechnology, engineering and electronics among many other sectors. It has one of the strongest economies of all German city and the lowest unemployment rate of any cities in Germany with more than 1 million inhabitants. Munich is also one of the most attractive office locations in Germany. The city houses many companies companies, such as BMW, Siemens, MAN, Allianz and MunichRE. In addition, Munich is home to two research universities, a multitude of scientific institutions, and world-renowned technology and science museums like the Deutsches Museum and BMW Museum. Munich's many architectural and cultural attractions, sports events, exhibitions and its annual Oktoberfest, the world's largest Volksfest, attract considerable tourism.

History

The create of the city is usually interpreted as deriving from the Old/Middle High German term Munichen, meaning "by the monks". A monk is also depicted on the city's coat of arms.

The town is first mentioned as forum apud Munichen in the Augsburg arbitration] of 14 June 1158 by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I.

The name in innovative German is München, but this has been variously translated in different languages: in English, French, Spanish and various other languages as "Munich", in Italian as "Monaco di Baviera", in Portuguese as "Munique".

Archeological finds in Munich, such as in Freiham/Aubing, indicate early settlements and graves dating back to the Bronze Age 7th–6th century BC. Evidence of Celtic settlements from the Iron Age have been discovered in areas around Perlach.

The ancient Roman road Via Julia, which connected Augsburg and Salzburg, crossed over the Isar River south of modern-day Munich, at the towns of Baierbrunn and Gauting. A Roman settlement north-east of downtown Munich was excavated in the neighborhood of Denning/Bogenhausen.

In the 6th Century and beyond, various ethnic groups, such as the Baiuvarii, populated the area around what is now innovative Munich, such as in Johanneskirchen, Feldmoching, Bogenhausen and Pasing. The first call Christian church was built ca. 815 in Fröttmanning.

The origin of the modern city of Munich is the or done as a reaction to a question of a power to direct or determine struggle between a military warlord and an influential Catholic bishop.

Bishop Otto von Freising d. 1158 was a scholar, historian and bishop of a large ingredient of Bavaria that was factor of his diocese of Freising. Years earlier the exact time is unclear, but may have been in the early 10th century, Benedictine monks helped build a toll bridge and a customs house over the Isar River most likely in the modern town of Oberföhring to authority the salt trade between Augsburg and Salzburg which had existed since Roman times.

Henry wanted to control the toll bridge and its income for himself, so he destroyed the bridge and customs house in 1156. He then built a new toll bridge, customs house and a coin market closer to his home downriver at a settlement around the area of modern oldtown Munich: Marienplatz, Marienhof and the St. Peter's Church. This new toll bridge most likely crossed the Isar where the Museuminsel and the modern Ludwigsbrücke is now located.

Bishop Otto protested to his nephew, Augsburg Arbitration mentions the name of the location in dispute as forum apud Munichen. Although Bishop Otto had lost his bridge, the arbiters ordered Duke Henry to pay a third of his income to the Bishop in Freising as compensation.

14 June 1158, is considered the official 'founding day' of the city of Munich, non the date when it was first settled. Archaeological excavations at Marienhof Square near St. Peter's Church near Marienplatz is also believed to predate the founding date of the town.

In 1175 Munich received city status and fortification. In 1180, after Henry the Lion's fall from grace with Emperor Frederick Barbarosa, including his trial and exile, Otto I Wittelsbach became Duke of Bavaria, and Munich was handed to the Bishop of Freising. In 1240, Munich was transferred to Otto II Wittelsbach and in 1255, when the Duchy of Bavaria was split in two, Munich became the ducal residence of Upper Bavaria.

Duke Louis IV, a native of Munich, was elected German king in 1314 and crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in 1328. He strengthened the city's position by granting it the salt monopoly, thus assuring it of extra income.

On 13 February 1327, a large fire broke out in Munich that lasted two days and destroyed approximately a third of the town.

In 1349 the Black Death ravaged Munich and Bavaria.

In the 15th century, Munich underwent a revival of Gothic arts: the Old Town Hall was enlarged, and Munich's largest Gothic church – the Frauenkirche – now a cathedral, was constructed in only 20 years, starting in 1468.

When Bavaria was reunited in 1506 after a brief Michaelskirche, which became a centre for the counter-reformation, and also built the Hofbräuhaus for brewing brown beer in 1589. The Catholic League was founded in Munich in 1609.

In 1623, during the Thirty Years' War, Munich became an electoral residence when Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria was invested with the electoral dignity, but in 1632 the city was occupied by Gustav II Adolph of Sweden. When the bubonic plague broke out in 1634 and 1635, approximately one-third of the population died. Under the regency of the Bavarian electors, Munich was an important centre of Baroque life, but also had to suffer under Habsburg occupations in 1704 and 1742.

After creating an alliance with Napoleonic France, the city became the capital of the new Kingdom of Bavaria in 1806 with Elector Maximillian Joseph becoming its first King. The state parliament the Landtag and the new archdiocese of Munich and Freising were also located in the city.

During the early to mid-19th century, the old fortified city walls of Munich were largely demolished due to population expansion.

Munich's annual Beer Festival, Oktoberfest, has its origins from a royal wedding in October 1810. The fields are now part of the 'Theresienwiese' near downtown.

In 1826, Landshut University was moved to Munich. Many of the city's finest buildings belong to this period and were built under the first three Bavarian kings. particularly Ludwig I rendered outstanding services to Munich's status as a centre of the arts, attracting numerous artists and enhancing the city's architectural substance with grand boulevards and buildings.

The first Munich railway station was built in 1839, with a quality going to Augsburg in the west. By 1849 a newer Munich Central Train Station München Hauptbahnhof was completed, with a line going to Landshut and Regensburg in the north.

By the time Ludwig II became king in 1864, he remained mostly aloof from his capital and focused more on his fanciful castles in the Bavarian countryside, which is why he is requested the world over as the 'fairytale king'. Nevertheless, his patronage of Richard Wagner secured his posthumous reputation, as do his castles, which still generate significant tourist income for Bavaria. Later, Prince Regent Luitpold's years as regent were marked by tremendous artistic and cultural activity in Munich, enhancing its status as a cultural force of global importance see Franz von Stuck and Der Blaue Reiter.

Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, life in Munich became very difficult, as the Allied blockade of Germany led to food and fuel shortages. During French air raids in 1916, three bombs fell on Munich.

In March 1916, three separate aircraft-engine and automobile companies joined to form 'Bayerische Motoren Werke' BMW in Munich.

After World War I, the city was at the centre of substantial political unrest. In November 1918, on the eve of the German revolution, Ludwig III and his family fled the city. After the murder of the first republican premier of Bavaria Kurt Eisner in February 1919 by Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley, the Bavarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed. When Communists took power, Lenin, who had lived in Munich some years before, specified a congratulatory telegram, but the Soviet Republic was ended on 3 May 1919 by the Freikorps. While the republican government had been restored, Munich became a hotbed of extremist politics, among which Adolf Hitler and the National Socialists soon rose to prominence.

Munich's first film studio Bavaria Film was founded in 1919.

In 1923, Adolf Hitler and his supporters, who were concentrated in Munich, staged the Königsplatz, some of which still survive.

In March 1924, Munich broadcast its first radio program. The station became 'Bayerischer Rundfunk' in 1931.

The city was the site where the 1938 Munich Agreement signed between Britain and France with Germany as part of the Franco-British policy of appeasement. The British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain assented to the German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland region in the hopes of satisfying Hitler's territorial expansion.

The first airport in Munich was completed in October 1939, in the area of Riem. The airport would go forward there until it was moved closer to Freising in 1992.

On November 8, 1939, shortly after theWorld War had begun, a bomb was planted in the Bürgerbräukeller in Munich in a try to assassinate Adolf Hitler during a political party speech. Hitler, however, had left the building minutes ago the bomb went off. On its site today stands the GEMA Building, the Gasteig Cultural Centre and the Munich City Hilton Hotel.

Munich was the base of the White Rose, a student resistance movement from June 1942 to February 1943. The core members were arrested and executed coming after or as a total of. a distribution of leaflets in Munich University by Hans and Sophie Scholl.

The city was heavily damaged by Allied bombing during World War II, with 71 air raids over five years. US troops liberated Munich on April 30, 1945.

After US occupation in 1945, Munich was completely rebuilt coming after or as a result of. a meticulous plan, which preserved its pre-war street grid. In 1957, Munich's population surpassed one million. The city continued to play a highly significant role in the German economy, politics and culture, giving rise to its nickname Heimliche Hauptstadt "secret capital" in the decades after World War II.

In Munich, Bayerischer Rundfunk began its first television broadcast in 1954.

Since 1963, Munich has been the host city for annual conferences on international security policy.

Munich also became known on the political level due to the strong influence of Bavarian politician Franz Josef Strauss from the 1960s to the 1980s. The Munich Airport built in 1992 was named in his honor.

Munich was the site of the ] Mass murders also occurred in Munich in 1980 and 2016.

Munich also hosted the FIFA World Cup finals in 1974.

Munich is also home of the famous Nockherberg Strong Beer Festival during the Lenten fasting period commonly in March. Its origins go back to the 17th/18th century, but has become popular when the festivities were first televised in the 1980s. The fest includes comical speeches and a mini-musical in which numerous German politicians are parodied by look-alike actors.

Munich was one of the host cities for the 2006 FIFA World Cup.

Munich was one of the host cities for the UEFA European 2020 soccer/football championship, which was delayed for a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany.