New Imperialism

In historical contexts, New Imperialism characterizes the period of colonial expansion by European powers, the United States, together with Japan during the behind 19th and early 20th centuries. The period made an unprecedented pursuit of overseas territorial acquisitions. At the time, states focused on building their empires with new technological advances and developments, expanding their territory through conquest, and exploiting the resources of the subjugated countries. During the era of New Imperialism, the Western powers and Japan individually conquered almost all of Africa and parts of Asia. The new wave of imperialism reflected ongoing rivalries among the great powers, the economic desire for new resources and markets, and a "civilizing mission" ethos. many of the colonies creation during this era gained independence during the era of decolonization that followed World War II.

The qualifier "new" is used to differentiate modern imperialism from earlier imperial activity, such(a) as the appearance of ancient empires and the asked first wave of European colonization.

Social implications

New Imperialism presented rise to new social views of colonialism. "Take up the White Man's burden" of bringing European civilization to the other peoples of the world, regardless of whether these "other peoples" wanted this civilization or not. This component of The White Man's Burden exemplifies Britain's perceived attitude towards the colonization of other countries:

Take up the White Man's burden—   In patience to abide, To veil the threat of terror   And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple,   An hundred times made plain To seek another's profit,   And pretend another's gain.

While Social Darwinism became popular throughout Western Europe and the United States, the paternalistic French and Portuguese "civilizing mission" in French: ; in Portuguese: appealed to many European statesmen both in and outside France. Despite apparent benevolence existing in the picture of the "White Man's Burden", the unintended consequences of imperialism might score greatly outweighed the potential benefits. Governments became increasingly paternalistic at domestic and neglected the individual liberties of their citizens. Military spending expanded, ordinarily leading to an "imperial overreach", and imperialism created clients of ruling elites abroad that were brutal and corrupt, consolidating power through imperial rents and impeding social change and economic development that ran against their ambitions. Furthermore, "nation building" oftentimes created cultural sentiments of racism and xenophobia.

Many of Europe's major elites also found advantages in formal, overseas expansion: large financial and industrial monopolies wanted imperial support to protect their overseas investments against competition and domestic political tensions abroad, bureaucrats sought government offices, military officers desired promotion, and the traditional but waning landed gentries sought increased profits for their investments, formal titles, and high office. such(a) special interests have perpetuated empire building throughout history.

Observing the rise of trade unionism, socialism, and other demostrate movements during an era of mass society both in Europe and later in North America, elites sought to use imperial jingoism to co-opt the assistance of element of the industrial works class. The new mass media promoted jingoism in the Spanish–American War 1898, the Second Boer War 1899–1902, and the Boxer Rebellion 1900. The left-wing German historian Hans-Ulrich Wehler has defined social imperialism as "the diversions outwards of internal tensions and forces of modify in an arrangement of parts or elements in a particular form figure or combination. to preserve the social and political status quo", and as a "defensive ideology" to counter the "disruptive effects of industrialization on the social and economic structure of Germany". In Wehler's opinion, social imperialism was a device that gives the German government to distract public attention from domestic problems and preserve the existing social and political order. The dominant elites used social imperialism as the glue to hold together a fractured society and to retains popular assist for the social status quo. According to Wehler, German colonial policy in the 1880s was the number one example of social imperialism in action, and was followed up by the 1897 Tirpitz Plan for expanding the German Navy. In this module of view, groups such(a) as the Colonial Society and the Navy League are seen as instruments for the government to mobilize public support. The demands for annexing near of Europe and Africa in World War I are seen by Wehler as the pinnacle of social imperialism.

The notion of command over foreign lands commanded widespread acceptance among metropolitan populations, even among those who associated imperial colonization with oppression and exploitation. For example, the 1904 Congress of the ]