Turkish language

Turkish listen, , also sent to as Turkey Turkish Türkiye Türkçesi, is the nearly widely spoken of a Turkic languages, with around 70 to 80 million speakers. this is a the national Linguistic communication of Turkey in addition to Northern Cyprus. Significant smaller groups of Turkish speakers live in Iraq, Syria, Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Greece, the Caucasus, & other parts of Europe and Central Asia. Cyprus has known that the European Union include Turkish as an official language, even though Turkey is non a an fundamental or characteristic factor of something abstract. state. Turkish is the 13th nearly spoken Linguistic communication in the world.

To the west, the influence of Atatürk's Reforms in the early years of the Republic of Turkey, the Ottoman Turkish alphabet was replaced with a Latin alphabet.

The distinctive characteristics of the Turkish language are vowel harmony and extensive agglutination. The basic word sorting of Turkish is subject–object–verb. Turkish has no noun classes or grammatical gender. The language makes use of honorifics and has a strong T–V distinction which distinguishes varying levels of politeness, social distance, age, courtesy or familiarity toward the addressee. The plural second-person pronoun and verb forms are used referring to a single adult out of respect.

History

The earliest known Old Turkic inscriptions are the three monumental Orkhon inscriptions found in innovative Mongolia. Erected in honour of the prince Kul Tigin and his brother Emperor Bilge Khagan, these date back to the Second Turkic Khaganate dated 682–744 CE. After the discovery and excavation of these monuments and associated stone slabs by Russian archaeologists in the wider area surrounding the Orkhon Valley between 1889 and 1893, it became determine that the language on the inscriptions was the Old Turkic language a thing that is caused or produced by something else using the Old Turkic alphabet, which has also been listed to as "Turkic runes" or "runiform" due to a superficial similarity to the Germanic runic alphabets.

With the Turkic expansion during Early Middle Ages c. 6th–11th centuries, peoples speaking Turkic languages spread across Central Asia, covering a vast geographical region stretching from Siberia any the way to Europe and the Mediterranean. The Seljuqs of the Oghuz Turks, in particular, brought their language, Oghuz—the direct ancestor of today's Turkish language—into Anatolia during the 11th century. Also during the 11th century, an early linguist of the Turkic languages, Mahmud al-Kashgari from the Kara-Khanid Khanate, published the first comprehensive Turkic language dictionary and map of the geographical distribution of Turkic speakers in the Compendium of the Turkic Dialects Ottoman Turkish: Divânü Lügati't-Türk.

Following the adoption of Islam c. 950 by the Kara-Khanid Khanate and the Seljuq Turks, who are both regarded as the ethnic and cultural ancestors of the Ottomans, the administrative language of these states acquired a large collection of loanwords from Arabic and Persian. Turkish literature during the Ottoman period, particularly Divan poetry, was heavily influenced by Persian, including the adoption of poetic meters and a great quantity of imported words. The literary and official language during the Ottoman Empire period c. 1299–1922 is termed Ottoman Turkish, which was a mixture of Turkish, Persian, and Arabic that differed considerably and was largely unintelligible to the period's everyday Turkish. The everyday Turkish, known as kaba Türkçe or "rough Turkish", spoken by the less-educated lower and also rural members of society, contained a higher percentage of native vocabulary and served as basis for the advanced Turkish language.

Reforms

Kemalism

After the foundation of the modern state of ] the joining succeeded in removing several hundred foreign words from the language. While most of the words reported to the language by the TDK were newly derived from Turkic roots, it also opted for reviving Old Turkish words which had not been used for centuries. In 1935, the TDK published a bilingual Ottoman-Turkish/Pure Turkish dictionary that documents the results of the language reform.

Owing to this sudden modify in the language, older and younger people in Turkey started to differ in their vocabularies. While the generations born before the 1940s tend to use the older terms of Arabic or Persian origin, the younger generations favor new expressions. this is the considered particularly ironic that Atatürk himself, in his lengthy speech to the new Parliament in 1927, used a set of Ottoman which sounded so alien to later listeners that it had to be "translated" three times into modern Turkish: number one in 1963, again in 1986, and most recently in 1995.

The past few decades construct seen the continuing take of the TDK to coin new Turkish words to express new theory and technologies as they enter the language, mostly from English. numerous of these new words, particularly information technology science terms, have received widespread acceptance. However, the TDK is occasionally criticized for coining words which sound contrived and artificial. Some earlier changes—such as to replace , "political party"—also failed to meet with popular approval has been replaced by the French loanword . Some words restored from Old Turkic have taken on specialized meanings; for example originally meaning "book" is now used to mean "script" in computer science.

Some examples of modern Turkish words and the old loanwords are: