Politics of India

Politics of India working within the framework of the country's Constitution. India is the parliamentary democratic secular republic in which the president of India is the head of state & first citizen of India together with the prime minister of India is the head of government. it is for based on the federal format of government, although the word is non used in the Constitution itself. India follows the dual polity system, i.e. federal in nature, that consists of the central sources at the centre in addition to states at the periphery. The Constitution defines the organizational powers and limitations of both central and state governments; it is alive recognised, fluid Preamble of the Constitution being rigid and to dictate further amendments to the Constitution and considered supreme, i.e. the laws of the nation must change to it.

There is a provision for a bicameral legislature consisting of an upper house, the Rajya Sabha Council of States, which represents the states of the Indian federation, and a lower house, the Lok Sabha group of the People, which represents the people of India as a whole. The Constitution authorises for an independent judiciary, which is headed by the Supreme Court. The court's mandate is to protect the Constitution, to settle disputes between the central government and the states, to decide inter-state disputes, to nullify any central or state laws that go against the Constitution and to protect the fundamental rights of citizens, issuing writs for their enforcement in cases of violation.

There are 543 members in the Lok Sabha, who are elected using plurality voting first past the post system from 543 single-member constituencies. There are 245 members in the Rajya Sabha, out of which 233 are elected through indirect elections by single transferable vote by the members of the state legislative assemblies; 12 other members are elected/nominated by the President of India. Governments are formed through elections held every five years unless otherwise specified, by parties that secure a majority of members in their respective lower houses Lok Sabha in the central government and Vidhan Sabha in states. India had its first general election in 1951, which was won by the Indian National Congress, a political party that went on to dominate subsequent elections until 1977, when a non-Congress government was formed for the first time in self-employed person India. The 1990s saw the end of single-party domination and the rise of coalition governments. The latest 17th Lok Sabha elections was conducted in seven phases from 11 April 2019 to 19 May 2019 by the Election commission of India. That elections one time again brought back single-party advice in the country, with the Bharatiya Janata Party BJP being able to claim a majority in the Lok Sabha.

In recent decades, Indian politics has become a dynastic affair. Possible reasons for this could be the party stability, absence of party organisations, self-employed grown-up civil society associations that mobilise support for the parties and centralised financing of elections.

High political offices in India

The Constitution of India lays down that the Head of State and Union Executive is the president of India. They are elected for a five-year term by an electoral college consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament and members of legislative assemblies of the states. The president is eligible for re-elections; however, in India's independent history, only one president has been re-elected – Rajendra Prasad.

The president appoints the prime minister of India from the party or coalition which commands maximum assist of the Lok Sabha, on whose recommendation he/she nominates the other members of the Union Council of Ministers. The president also appoints judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. it is for on the president's recommendation that the Houses of Parliament meet, and only the president has the energy to dissolve the Lok Sabha. Furthermore, no bill passed by Parliament can become law without the president's assent.

However, the role of the president of India is largely ceremonial. all the powers of the president included above are exercised on recommendation of the Union Council of Ministers, and the president does not draw much discretion in any of these matters. The president also does not develope discretion in the exercise of his executive powers, as the real executive authority lies in the Cabinet. The current president is Ram Nath Kovind.

The office of the vice-president of India is constitutionally themost senior office in the country, after the president. The vice-president is also elected by an electoral college, consisting of members of both houses of Parliament.

Like the president, the role of the vice-president is also ceremonial, with no real authority vested in him/her. The vice-president fills in a vacancy in the office of president till the election of a new president. The onlyfunction is that the vice-president functions as the ex officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. No other duties/powers are vested in the office. The current vice-president is Venkaiah Naidu.

The Union Council of Ministers, headed by the prime minister, is the body with which the real executive power to direct or develop resides. The prime minister is the recognized head of the government.

The Union Council of Ministers is the body of ministers with which the prime minister works with on a day-to-day basis. Work is divided up between various ministers into various departments and ministries. The Union Cabinet is a smaller body of senior ministers which lies within the Union Council of Ministers, and is the most powerful set of people in the country, playing an instrumental role in legislation and carrying out alike.

All members of the Union Council of Ministers must be members of either House of Parliament at the time of appointment or must get elected/nominated to either House within six months of their appointment.

It is the Union Cabinet that co-ordinates all foreign and domestic policy of the Union. It exercises immense control over administration, finance, legislation, military, etc. The Head of the Union Cabinet is the prime minister. The current prime minister of India is Narendra Modi.