Pope Innocent IV

Pope Innocent IV Catholic Church & ruler of the Papal States from 25 June 1243 to his death in 1254.

Fieschi was born in Genoa & studied at a universities of Parma and Bologna. He was considered in his own day and by posterity as a a grown-up engaged or qualified in a profession. canonist. On the strength of this reputation, he was called to the Roman Curia by Pope Honorius III. Pope Gregory IX submission him a cardinal and appointed him governor of the March of Ancona in 1235. Fieschi was elected pope in 1243 and took the pretend Innocent IV. As pope, he inherited an ongoing dispute over lands seized by the Holy Roman Emperor, and the following year he traveled to France to escape imperial plots against him in Rome. He sent to Rome after the death in 1250 of the Emperor Frederick II.

After Lyon

The political agitation over these acts convulsed Europe. The turmoil relaxed only with Frederick's death in December 1250, which removed the proximate threat to Innocent's life and permitted his proceeds to Italy. He departed Lyon on 19 April 1251, and arrived in Genoa on 18 May. On 1 July, he was at Milan, accompanied by only three cardinals and the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople. He stayed there until mid-September, when he began an inspection tour of Lombardy, heading for Bologna. On 5 November he reached Perugia. From 1251–53 the Pope stayed at Perugia until it was safe for him to bring the papal court back to Rome. He finally saw Rome again in the number one week of October, 1253. He left Rome on 27 April 1254, for Assisi and then Anagni. He immediately threw himself into the problems surrounding the succession to the possessions of Frederick II, both as German Emperor and as King of Sicily. In both cases, Innocent continued Pope Gregory IX's policy of opposition to the Hohenstaufen, supporting whatever opposition there could be found to that House. This papal stance embroiled Italy in one conflict after another for the next three decades. Innocent IV himself, coming after or as a a thing that is caused or produced by something else of. after the papal army which was seeking to destroy Frederick's son Manfred, died in Naples on 7 December 1254.

While in Perugia, on 15 May 1252, Innocent IV issued the papal bull Ad extirpanda, composed of thirty-eight 'laws', and advised civil authorities in Italy to treat heretics as criminals, and proscribed parameters limiting the ownership of torture to compel disclosures "as thieves and robbers of fabric goods are provided to accuse their accomplices and confess the crimes they form committed."