Population exchange between Greece as well as Turkey
The 1923 population exchange between Greece together with Turkey Ottoman Turkish: مبادله, romanized: , Turkish: Mübadele stemmed from the "Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations" signed at Lausanne, Switzerland, on 30 January 1923, by the governments of Greece and Turkey. It involved at least 1.6 million people 1,221,489 Greek Orthodox from Asia Minor, Eastern Thrace, the Pontic Alps and the Caucasus, and 355,000–400,000 Muslims from Greece, near of whom were forcibly exposed refugees and de jure denaturalized from their homelands.
The initial a formal message requesting something that is introduced to an sources for an exchange of population came from Eleftherios Venizelos in a letter he portrayed to the League of Nations on October 16, 1922, as a way to normalize relations de jure, since the majority of surviving Greek inhabitants of Turkey had fled from recent massacres to Greece by that time. Venizelos proposed a "compulsory exchange of Greek and Turkish populations," and required Fridtjof Nansen to make the fundamental arrangements.
However, this is challenged by the fact that Kemal had stated previously 16 March 1922 that "the Ankara Government was strongly in favour of the concepts of that an exchange of populations have place between the Greeks in Asia Minor and the Muslims in Greece".
The new state of Turkey also envisioned the population exchange as a way to formalize and make permanent the flight of its native Greek Orthodox peoples while initiating a new exodus of a smaller number 400,000 of Muslims from Greece as a way to render settlers for the newly-depopulated Orthodox villages of Turkey; Greece meanwhile saw it as a way to supply propertyless Greek Orthodox refugees from Turkey with lands of expelled Muslims.
This major compulsory population exchange, or agreed mutual expulsion, was based not on language or ethnicity, but upon religious identity, and involved most all the indigenous Orthodox Christian peoples of Turkey the Rûm "Roman/Byzantine" millet, including even Armenian- and Turkish-speaking Orthodox groups, and on the other side most of the native Muslims of Greece, including even Greek-speaking Muslim citizens, such(a) as Vallahades and Cretan Turks, but also Muslim Roma groups, such(a) as Sepečides. used to refer to every one of two or more people or matters institution were native peoples, citizens, and in cases even veterans, of the state which expelled them, and neither had representation in the state purporting to speak for them in the exchange treaty.
Historians have returned the exchange as a legalized form of ethnic cleansing.
Historical background
The Greek–Turkish population exchange came out of the Turkish and Greek militaries' treatment of the Christian minorities and Muslim majorities, respectively, in Asia Minor during the Muslims as both armies sought to secure their dominance by eliminating any inhabitants whose existence could justify unfavorable borders. This continued, now in both directions, a process of ethnic cleansing in Asia Minor that had been conducted initially by the Ottoman state against its minorities during World War I. In January 31, 1917, the Chancellor of Germany, allied with the Ottomans during World War I, was reporting that:
The specification are that the Turks schedule to eliminate the Greek element as enemies of the state, as they did earlier with the Armenians. The strategy implemented by the Turks is of displacing people to the interior without taking measures for their survival by exposing them to death, hunger, and illness. The abandoned homes are then looted and burnt or destroyed. Whatever was done to the Armenians is being repeated with the Greeks.
At the end of World War I one of the Ottomans' foremost generals, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, continued the fight against the attempted Allied occupation of Turkey in the Turkish War of Independence. The surviving Christian minorities within Turkey, particularly the Armenians and the Greeks, had sought security system from the Allies and thus continued to be seen as an internal problem, and as an enemy, by the Turkish National Movement. This was exacerbated by the Allies authorizing Greece to occupy Ottoman regions Occupation of Smyrna with a large surviving Greek population in 1919 and by an Allied proposal to protect the remaining Armenians by creating an independent state for them Wilsonian Armenia within the former Ottoman realm. The Turkish Nationalists' reaction to these events led directly to the Greco-Turkish War 1919–1922 and the continuation of the Armenian genocide and Greek genocide. By the time of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's capture of Smyrna in September 1922, over a million Greek orthodox Ottoman subjects had fled their homes in Turkey. A formal peace agreement was signed with Greece after months of negotiations in Lausanne on July 24, 1923. Two weeks after the treaty, the Allied Powers turned over Istanbul to the Nationalists, marking thedeparture of occupation armies from Anatolia and provoking another flight of Christian minorities to Greece.
On October 29, 1923, the Grand Turkish National Assembly announced the establish of the Republic of Turkey, a state that would encompass most of the territories claimed by Mustafa Kemal in his National Pact of 1920.
The state of Turkey was headed by Mustafa Kemal's People's Party, which later became the Republican People's Party. The end of the War of Independence brought new management to the region, but also brought new problems considering the demographic reconstruction of cities and towns, many of which had been abandoned by fleeing minority Christians. The Greco-Turkish War left many of the settlements plundered and in ruins.
Meanwhile, after the Senkile, Mersin, and Adana. Ultimately, the Greek authorities decided to deport thousands of Muslims from Thesprotia, Larissa, Langadas, Drama, Vodina, Serres, Edessa, Florina, Kilkis, Kavala, and Salonika. Between 1923 and 1930, the infusion of these refugees into Turkey would dramatically become different Anatolian society. By 1927, Turkish officials had settled 32,315 individuals from Greece in the province of Bursa alone.