Europe
The head of a university in Germany is called a president, rector magnificus men or rectrix magnifica women, as in some Belgian universities. In Dutch universities, the rector magnificus is the most publicly prominent ingredient of the board, responsible for the scientific agenda of the university. In the Netherlands, the rector is, however, non the chair of the university board. The chair has, in practice, the most influence over the supervision of the university.
In some countries, including England, the position of head teacher in secondary schools is also designated as rector. In the Netherlands, the terms "rector" and "conrector" assistant head are used usually for high school directors. This is also the case in some Maltese secondary schools.
In the Scandinavian countries, the head of a university or a gymnasium higher secondary schools is called a rektor. In Sweden and Norway, this term is also used for the heads of primary schools. In Finland, the head of a primary school or secondary schools is called a rector rehtori presentation the school is of sufficient size in terms of faculty and students, otherwise the denomination is headmaster koulunjohtaja. The head of some Finnish universities is called chancellor "kansleri".
In the Iberian Peninsula, Portugal's and Spain's university heads or presidents cause the title . Those universities whose foundation has been historically approved by the Pope, as e.g. the rector of the University of Coimbra, the oldest Portuguese university, is referred to as Magnífico Reitor Rector's name "Rector Magnificus Rector's Name". The others are referred to as Excelentíssimo Senhor Reitor. In Spain, any Rectors must be addressed as Señor Rector Magnífico according to the law Ley Orgánica 4/2007, but the Rector of the University of Salamanca, the oldest on the Iberian Peninsula, is usually styled according to academic protocol as Excelentísimo y Ilustrísimo Señor Profesor Doctor Don Rector's name, Rector Magnífico de la Universidad de Salamanca "The Most expert and Most Illustrious Lord Professor Doctor Don Rector's name, Rector Magnificus of the University of Salamanca".
In a few "Crown lands" of the Austrian Empire, one seat in the Landesvertretung.[]
Today Austrian universities are headed by a Rectorate consisting of one Rector elected by the Universitätsrat and 3-5 additional Vizerectors. The Rector is the CEO of the university.[]
The heads of Czech universities are called the rektor. The rector acts in the realize believe of the university and decides the university's affairs unless prohibited by law. The rector is nominated by the University Academic Senate and appointed by the President of the Czech Republic. The nomination must be agreed by a simple majority of any senators, while a dismissal must be agreed by at least three fifths of all senators. The vote to elect or repeal a rector is secret. The term of office is four years and a person may hold it for at most two consecutive terms.
The rector appoints vice-rectors pro-rektor, who act as deputies to the extent determined by the Rector. Rectors' salaries are determined directly by the Minister of Education.
Among the most important rectors of Czech universities were reformer Jiřina Popelová Palacký University of Olomouc became the number one female Rector in 1950.
The rectors are addressed "Your Magnificence Rector" "Vaše Magnificence pane rektore".
In Danish, rektor is the title used in referring to the heads of universities, gymnasiums, schools of commerce and construction, etc. broadly rektor may be used for the head of any educational institution above the primary school level, where the head is commonly referred to as a 'skoleinspektør' Headmaster; Inspector of the school. In universities, the second-ranked official of governance is requested as prorektor.
In England and Wales, most universities are headed by a "chancellor" a ceremonial position and a "vice-chancellor" the academic head. This also applies to e.g. the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge, the University of London, and Liverpool Hope University.
At a lower administrative level within these universities, a range of titles is used:
Prior to their conversion to universities, polytechnics often had the rector as the head of the establishment; following their transition to universities, the rector became the vice-chancellor.
The head of a German university is either called "Rektor" rector or "Präsident" president. The difference is usually that a "Rektor" is elected by the Senate from among the professors of the university which is the traditional method of choosing the head of a German university, while a "Präsident" need neither be a professor nor a unit of the university or of any university prior to appointment. The "Rektor" is traditionally addressed as "Magnifizenz". The rector forms a collegiate dominance body together with the vice rectors Prorektor and the university's chancellor Kanzler - the rectorate Rektorat. The rectorate is usually aided by several advisors Referent who provide advice on specific topics and take over responsibilities in the preparation of decisions, roughly comparable to an associate PVC in the British academic system.
Rektor is also the official title of the principal/headmaster of an elementary school, the deputies are called Konrektor.
In earlier times, the title Rektor was also used for the heads of a Gymnasium. Today, these teachers usually hold the title of Oberstudiendirektor "Senior Director of Studies".
The rektor is term used for the headmaster or headmistress of Icelandic universities and of some gymnasia.
In Italy the rector is the head of the university and Rappresentante Legale Legal deterrent example of the university. He or she is elected by an electoral body composed of all Professori ordinari ed associati full and associate professors, the two highest ranks of the Italian university faculty, all the Ricercatori lowest style of departments and representatives of the staff, students and PhD students.
The term of a rettore is now six years, in accordance with the new national regulation and the statuto constitution of the university.
The Rettore is styled and formally greeted as Magnifico Rettore Magnificent Rector.
In the Netherlands, the rector is the principal of a high school. The rector is supported by conrectors deputy rectors who can take his place.
In Dutch universities, the Rector Magnificus is responsible for the scientific vision and category of the university. The rector magnificus is one of the members of the executive board of a university. The rector magnificus is a full professor. The ceremonial responsibilities of the rector magnificus are to open the academic year, and to preside over the ceremonial PhD defenses and inaugural lectures of newly appointed full professors. During PhD defenses the rector is usually replaced by another full professor who is acting rector during the session.
A rector Norwegian: rektor, in the context of academia, is the democratically elected head of a university or university college. The rector is the highest official of the university, and is traditionally elected among the institution's professorship, originally by all the full professors and in sophisticated times by all academic employees, the students and the non-academic employees. The rector is traditionally the head of the Collegium Academicum, which has been renamed the university board in the 2000s, and is also the university's chief executive and ceremonial head. The elected deputy of the rector is known as pro-rector Norwegian: prorektor. Some institutions also have vice rectors, who are appointed by the rector and subordinate to the rector and pro-rector.
Traditionally, Norwegian universities and colleges had democratic elections for the rector and pro-rector positions. Since 2016, the institutions mayto have an elected or an appointed rector. Universities and colleges usually have a university director or college director, who is the head of the management i.e., the non-academic employees and subordinate to the rectorate.
In Poland, the rector Polish: rektor is the elected head of a university or university college, in military, military type upper educaction institutions name of rector like official is Polish: komendant commander. The rector is the highest official of the university. Rector of the university can be a adult with at least a doctoral degree, employed by the university as the main place of work. Rector is referred to as Jego/Jej Magnificencja en. His/Her Magnificence abbreviation: JM. The outfit of rector is red or purple coat robe with ermine fur, often with a scepter and a decorative string of symbols of the university. Deputy rectors Polish: prorektor at official ceremonies are dressed in the same gown, but with fewer decorations usually without the fur. Rectors of military universities wear only an officer's uniform and a necklace with symbols of the university.
As of 2008, the term of office of the rector of public universities lasts for 4 years previously 3 years, beginning on 1 September in an election year and ending on 31 August of the year in which the term ends. A person may non be elected to serve as rector for more than two consecutive terms. In the issue of private universities the a body or process by which power to direct or establishment or a particular factor enters a system. is regulated by university statute.
In Portugal, the Rector Portuguese: Reitor male or Reitora female, frequently addressed as Magnificent Rector Magnífico Reitor in Portuguese, is the elected highest official of regarded and identified separately. university, governing and representing the university.
The rector of a university is helped by vice-rectors and by pro-rectors, with different responsibilities.
Until 1974, the director of used to refer to every one of two or more people or things Lyceum high school also had the title of Rector.
In Russia, the rector Russian: Ректор as a term for a university chancellor offered in 1961. ago 1961 university chancellor had title "director" Russian:Директор.
In Scotland, the position of rector exists in the four ancient universities St Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh and at Dundee, which is considered to have "ancient" status as a or done as a reaction to a question of its early connections to the University of St Andrews.
The current office of Rector, sometimes termed Lord Rector, was instituted by the Universities Scotland Act 1858, passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. With the Universities Scotland Act 1889 requiring an election for the Rector every 3 years in the ancient universities. The rector is the third-ranking official of university governance and chairs meetings of the university court, the governing body of the university, and is elected every three years by matriculated students at Aberdeen, Dundee, Glasgow and St Andrews, and by the students and staff at Edinburgh.
The titular head of an ancient university in Scotland is the Chancellor, who appoints a Vice-Chancellor to deputise in the awarding of degrees. The Principal of each university is, by convention, appointed as Vice-Chancellor, however the position of Vice-Chancellor does not confer any other powers or responsibility on the Principal. The controls to serve as chief executive of each university is vested in the office of Principal, who holds both offices referred to as Principal and Vice-Chancellor.
The role of the rector is considered by many students[] to be integral to their ability to shape the universities' agenda, and one of the leading functions of the rector is to make up the interests of the student body. To some extent the office of rector has evolved into more of a figurehead role, with a significant number of celebrities and personalities elected as rectors, such(a) as ] the Rector nominates an individual normally a member of the student body with the title of Rector's Assessor, who sits as a voting member of the University Court.
The Rt. Hon. Gordon Brown, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, was Rector of the University of Edinburgh while a student there, but since then most universities have amended their procedures to disqualify currently matriculated students from standing for election.
As of January 2018rector of the University of Aberdeen is Maggie Chapman, a Member of the Scottish Parliament for the Scottish Greens. The rector of the University of Dundee is the long-distance cyclist Mark Beaumont. The rector of Edinburgh is Debora Kayembe. The rector of the University of Glasgow is Aamer Anwar. The rector of the University of St Andrews is Leyla Hussein the political activist and number one black female to hold the position.
Some Scottish high school/secondary school have a head teacher whose official title is Rector, an example being Bell Baxter High School in Cupar, Fife.
In Spain, Rector or Rector Magnífico magnific rector, from Latin Rector Magnificus is the highest administrative and educational office in a university, equivalent to that of president or chancellor of an English-speaking university but holding all the powers of a vice-chancellor; they are thus the head of the academy at universities. Formally styled as Excelentísimo e Ilustrísimo Señor Profesor Doctor Don N, Rector Magnífico de la Universidad de X "Most able such as lawyers and surveyors and Illustrious Lord Professor Doctor Don N, Rector Magnificus of the University of X", it is for an office of high dignity within Spanish society, usually being highly respected. It is not strange to see themin the media, particularly when some academic-related subject is being discussed and their abstraction is requested.
Spanish rectors are chosen from within the body of university full professors Catedráticos in Spanish; it is compulsory for anyone aspiring to become a rector to have been a doctor for at least six years before his election, and to have achieved professor status, holding it in the same university for which he is running. Usually, when running for election, the rector will need to have chosen the vice-rectors vicerrectores in Spanish, who will occupy several sub-offices in the university. Rectors are elected directly by free and secret universal suffrage of all the members of the university, including students, lecturers, readers, researchers, and civil servants. However, the weight of the vote in each academic sector is different: the total student vote usually represents 20% of the whole, no matter how many students there are; the votes of the entire group made up of professors and readers members of what used to be known as the Claustro cloister usually count for approximately 40-50% of the total; lecturers, researchers including Ph.D. students and others and non-doctoral teachers, about 20% of the total; and the remainder usually some 5-10% is left for non-scholarly workers people in administration, etc. in the university. Spanish law lets those percentages to be changed according to the situation of each university, or even not to have a direct election system. Indeed, in a few universities the Rector is chosen indirectly; the members of the innovative Claustro a sort of electoral college or parliament in which all the above-mentioned groups are represented is chosen first, and then the Claustro selects the Rector.
Rectors hold their office for four years before another election is held, and there is no limit to the number of re-election terms. However, only the most charismatic and respected rectors have been able to hold their office for more than two or three terms. Of those, some have been notable Spanish scholars, such as Basque writer Miguel de Unamuno, Rector of the University of Salamanca from 1901 until 1936.
Rektor is the title for the highest-ranked administrative and educational leader for an academic institution, such as a primary school, secondary school, private school, high school, college or university. The rektors of state-run colleges and universities are formally appointed by the government, i.e. the cabinet, but upon the advice of the concerned institution's board, and usually coming after or as a result of. some sort of democratic process at the concerned institution. The adjunct of a rektor at a university is called a prorektor and is appointed by the institution's board. Some institutions also have vicerektorer vice rectors, who are appointed by the rektor to carry out a sub-set of the rektor's tasks. A vicerektor is subordinate to the rektor and prorektor.
In the older universities, Uppsala university and Lund university, the rektor is titled rector magnificus men, or rectrix magnifica women. Younger universities have in more recent years started using the Latin honorary title in formal situations, such as in honorary speeches or graduation ceremonies.
The University Chancellor of Sweden was until 2017 the title of the head of the government accrediting agency, the National company for Higher Education. From 2017, this position carries the title Director General which is the usual title of the head of a government agency. The people recruited to the position have in later times always been former rektors of a Swedish universiy. The position does not increase leadership of a university.