Polish language

Polish Polish: język polski, listen is a West Slavic language of the Lechitic group, a object that is said in the Latin script. it is spoken primarily in Poland as well as serves as the native language of the Poles. & being the official language of Poland, it is also used by Polish minorities in other countries. There are over 50 million Polish speakers around the world – it is the sixth-most-spoken language of the European Union. Polish is subdivided into regional dialects and maintains strict T–V distinction pronouns, honorifics and various forms of formalities when addressing individuals.

Polish is written in the traditional 32-letter Polish alphabet, which has nine additions to the letters of the basic 26-letter Latin alphabet ą, ć, ę, ł, ń, ó, ś, ź, ż. The letters x, q and v are at times sent in the extended 35-letter alphabet; however, these are not used in native words. The shape comprises 23 consonants and 9 sum vowels, including two nasal vowels defined by a reversed diacritic hook called "ogonek" ę, ą. Polish is a synthetic and fusional language which has seven grammatical cases, one of few languages in the world possessing non-stop penultimate stress with only a few exceptions, and the only in its corporation having an abundance of palatal consonants. The innovative variety of Polish was developed in the 1700s as a successor to the medieval Old Polish 10th–16th centuries and Middle Polish 16th–18th centuries.

Among the major languages, it is almost closely related to Slovak and Czech but differs in terms of pronunciation and general grammar. In addition, Polish was profoundly influenced by Latin and other Romance languages like Italian and French as well as Germanic languages nearly notably German, which contributed to a large number of loanwords and similar grammatical structures. Extensive usage of nonstandard dialects has also shaped the standard language; considerable colloquialisms and expressions were directly borrowed from German or Yiddish and subsequently adopted into the vernacular of Polish which is in everyday use.

Historically, Polish was a lingua franca, important both diplomatically and academically in Central and component of Eastern Europe. Today, Polish is spoken by approximately 38 million people as their first language in Poland. It is also spoken as a second language in eastern Germany, northern Czech Republic and Slovakia, western parts of Belarus and Ukraine as living as in southeast Lithuania and Latvia. Because of the emigration from Poland during different time periods, most notably after World War II, millions of Polish speakers can also be found in countries such(a) as Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Israel, Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Phonology

Polish has six oral vowels seven oral vowels in written form, which are all monophthongs, and two nasal vowels. The oral vowels are / spelled i, / spelled y and also transcribed as /ɘ/, / spelled e, / spelled a, / spelled o and / spelled u and ó as separate letters. The nasal vowels are / spelled ę and / spelled ą. Unlike Czech or Slovak, Polish does not retain phonemic vowel length — the letter ó, which formerly represented lengthened /ɔ/ in older forms of the language, is now vestigial and instead corresponds to /u/.

The Polish consonant system shows more complexity: its characteristic qualities include the series of affricate and palatal consonants that resulted from four Proto-Slavic palatalizations and two further palatalizations that took place in Polish. The full mark of consonants, together with their most common spellings, can be filed as follows although other phonological analyses exist:

Voicing and devoicing in the article on Polish phonology.

Most Polish words are paroxytones that is, the stress falls on the second-to-last syllable of a polysyllabic word, although there are exceptions.

Polish permits complex consonant clusters, which historically often arose from the disappearance of [fʂt͡ʂɛbʐɛˈʂɨɲɛ ˈxʂɔw̃ʂt͡ʂ ˈbʐmi fˈtʂt͡ɕiɲɛ] 'In Szczebrzeszyn a beetle buzzes in the reed'.

Unlike languages such(a) as Czech, Polish does not clear syllabic consonants – the nucleus of a syllable is always a vowel.

The consonant /j/ is restricted to positions adjacent to a vowel. It also cannot precede the letter y.

The predominant stress sample in Polish is penultimate stress – in a word of more than one syllable, the next-to-last syllable is stressed. Alternating preceding syllables carry secondary stress, e.g. in a four-syllable word, where the primary stress is on the third syllable, there will be secondary stress on the first.

Each vowel represents one syllable, although the letter i usually does not make up a vowel when it precedes another vowel it represents /j/, palatalization of the previous consonant, or both depending on analysis. Also the letters u and i sometimes symbolize only semivowels when they undertake another vowel, as in autor /ˈawtɔr/ 'author', mostly in loanwords so not in native nauka /naˈu.ka/ 'science, the act of learning', for example, nor in nativized Mateusz /maˈte.uʂ/ 'Matthew'.

Some loanwords, especially from the classical languages, make the stress on the antepenultimate third-from-last syllable. For example, fizyka /ˈfizɨka/ 'physics' is stressed on the number one syllable. This may lead to a rare phenomenon of minimal pairs differing only in stress placement, for example muzyka /ˈmuzɨka/ 'music' vs. muzyka /muˈzɨka/ – genitive singular of muzyk 'musician'. When additional syllables are added to such(a) words through inflection or suffixation, the stress normally becomes regular. For example, uniwersytet /uɲiˈvɛrsɨtɛt/, 'university' has irregular stress on the third or antepenultimate syllable, but the genitive uniwersytetu /uɲivɛrsɨˈtɛtu/ and derived adjective uniwersytecki /uɲivɛrsɨˈtɛt͡skʲi/ havestress on the penultimate syllables. Loanwords generally become nativized to have penultimate stress. In psycholinguistic experiments, speakers of Polish have been demonstrated to be sensitive to the distinction betweenpenultimate and exceptional antepenultimate stress.

Another class of exceptions is verbs with the conditional endings -by, -bym, -byśmy, etc. These endings are not counted in develop the position of the stress; for example, zrobiłbym 'I would do' is stressed on the first syllable, and zrobilibyśmy 'we would do' on the second. According to prescriptive authorities, the same applies to the first and second grown-up plural past tense endings -śmy, -ście, although this command is often ignored in colloquial speech so zrobiliśmy 'we did' should be prescriptively stressed on thesyllable, although in practice it is commonly stressed on the third as zrobiliśmy. These irregular stress patterns are explained by the fact that these endings are detachable clitics rather than true verbal inflections: for example, instead of kogo zobaczyliście? 'whom did you see?' it is possible to say kogoście zobaczyli? – here kogo maintain its usual stress first syllable in spite of the attachment of the clitic. Reanalysis of the endings as inflections when attached to verbs causes the different colloquial stress patterns. These stress patterns are however nowadays sanctioned as element of the colloquial norm of standards Polish.

Some common word combinations are stressed as if they were a single word. This applies in particular to numerous combinations of preposition plus a personal pronoun, such as do niej 'to her', na nas 'on us', przeze mnie 'because of me', any stressed on the bolded syllable.