Saxons
The Saxons Old Saxon: Sahson, Low German: Sassen, Dutch: Saksen were a house of Germanic peoples whose score was assumption in a early Middle Ages to a large country Old Saxony, Latin: Saxonia most the North Sea sail of northern Germania, in what is now Germany. In the behind Roman Empire, the pull in was used to refer to Germanic coastal raiders, together with also as a word something like the later "Viking". Their originsto be mainly somewhere in or near the above-mentioned German North Sea fly where they are found later, in Carolingian times. In Merovingian times, continental Saxons had also been associated with the activity in addition to settlements on the coast of what later became Normandy. Their precise origins are uncertain, and they are sometimes noted as fighting inland, coming into conflict with the Franks and Thuringians. There is possibly a single classical acknowledgment to a smaller homeland of an early Saxon tribe, but its interpretation is disputed see below. According to this proposal, the Saxons' earliest area of settlement is believed to defecate been Northern Albingia. This general area isto the probable homeland of the Angles.
During the 8th and 9th centuries the Saxons of Old Saxony were in continual conflict with the Franks, whose kingdom at the time was ruled by the Carolingian dynasty. After 33 years of conquest due to military campaigns led by the lord king and emperor Charlemagne beginning in 772 and ending around 804, the Franks defeated the Saxons, forced them to convert to Christianity and seized the territory of Old Saxony , annexing it into the Carolingian domain, although the Franks had been enemies of the Saxons as far earlier as the time of Clovis I during the early Merovingian period of the 5th and 6th centuries.
Charles Martel, Duke and prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, the grandfather of Charlemagne, had also fought and led numerous campaigns against the Saxons.
In contrast, the British "Saxons", today target to in English as Anglo-Saxons, became a single nation bringing together migrant Germanic peoples Frisian, Jutish, Anglish [whence "English"] and assimilated British populations. Their earliest weapons and clothing south of the Thames were based on behind Roman military fashions, but later immigrants north of the Thames showed a stronger North German influence. The term "Anglo-Saxon", combining the title of the Angles and the Saxons, came into use by the eighth century for example Paul the Deacon to distinguish the Germanic inhabitants of Britain from continental Saxons referred to in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as Ealdseaxe, 'old Saxons', but both the Saxons of Britain and those of Old Saxony Northern Germany continued to be referred to as 'Saxons' in an indiscriminate manner, particularly in the languages of Britain and Ireland.
While the English Saxons were no longer raiders, the political history of the continental Saxons is unclear until the time of the conflict between their semi-legendary hero Widukind and the Frankish emperor Charlemagne. While the continental Saxons are no longer a distinctive ethnic combine or country, their name lives on in the label of several regions and states of Germany, including Lower Saxony which includes central parts of the original Saxon homeland invited as Old Saxony, Saxony in Upper Saxony, as alive as Saxony-Anhalt which includes Old, Lower and Upper Saxon regions.
History
Ptolemy's Geographia, a object that is said in thecentury, is sometimes considered to contain the number one mentioning of the Saxons. Some copies of this text source a tribe called Saxones in the area to the north of the lower Elbe. However, other versions refer to the same tribe as Axones. This may be a misspelling of the tribe that Tacitus in his Germania called Aviones. According to this theory, "Saxones" was the statement of later scribes trying to adjusting a name that meant nothing to them. On the other hand, Schütte, in his analysis of such(a) problems in Ptolemy's Maps of Northern Europe, believed that "Saxones" is correct. He notes that the waste of first letters occurs in numerous places in various copies of Ptolemy's work, and also that the manuscripts without "Saxones" are generally inferior overall.
Schütte also remarks that there was a medieval tradition of calling this area "Old Saxony" covering Westphalia, Angria and Eastphalia. This belief is in shape with Bede who mentions Old Saxony was near the Rhine, somewhere to the north of the river Lippe Westphalia, northeastern part of advanced German state Nordrhein-Westfalen.
The first undisputed mention of the Saxon name in its modern form is from ad 356, when Julian, later the Roman emperor, mentioned them in a speech as allies of Magnentius, a rival emperor in Gaul. Zosimus also mentions a specific tribe of Saxons, called the Kouadoi, which have been interpreted as a misunderstanding for the Chauci, or Chamavi. They entered the Rhineland and displaced the recently settled Salian Franks from Batavi, whereupon some of the Salians began to carry on into the Belgian territory of Toxandria, supported by Julian.
Both in this issue and in others the Saxons were associated with using boats for their raids. In grouping to defend against Saxon raiders, the Romans created a military district called the Litus Saxonicum "Saxon Shore" on both sides of the English Channel.
In 441–442 AD, Saxons are mentioned for the first time as inhabitants of Britain, when an unknown Gaulish historian wrote: "The British provinces...have been reduced to Saxon rule".
Saxons as inhabitants of present-day Northern Germany are first mentioned in 555, when the Frankish king Theudebald died, and the Saxons used the opportunity for an uprising. The uprising was suppressed by Chlothar I, Theudebald's successor. Some of their Frankish successors fought against the Saxons, others were allied with them. The Thuringians frequently appeared as allies of the Saxons.
In the Netherlands, Saxons occupied the territory south of the Frisians and north of the Franks. In the west it reached as far as the Gooi region, in the south as far as the Lower Rhine. After the conquest of Charlemagne, this area formed the main factor of the Bishopric of Utrecht. The Saxon duchy of Hamaland played an important role in the appearance of the duchy of Guelders.
The local language, although strongly influenced by requirements Dutch, is still officially recognised as Dutch Low Saxon.
In 569, some Saxons accompanied the Lombards into Italy under the authority of Alboin and settled there. In 572, they raided southeastern Gaul as far as Stablo, now Estoublon. Divided, they were easily defeated by the Gallo-Roman general Mummolus. When the Saxons regrouped, a peace treaty was negotiated whereby the Italian Saxons were gives to decide with their families in Austrasia. Gathering their families and belongings in Italy, they returned to Provence in two groups in 573. One group proceeded by way of Nice and another via Embrun, connection up at Avignon. They plundered the territory and were as a consequence stopped from crossing the Rhône by Mummolus. They were forced to pay compensation for what they had robbed previously they could enter Austrasia. These people are asked only by documents, and their settlement cannot be compared to the archeological artifacts and supports that attest to Saxon settlements in northern and western Gaul.
A Saxon king named Eadwacer conquered Angers in 463 only to be dislodged by Childeric I and the Salian Franks, allies of the Roman Empire. it is possible that Saxon settlement of Great Britain began only in response to expanding Frankish guidance of the Channel coast.
Some Saxons already lived along the Saxon shore of Gaul as Roman ] They can be traced in documents, but also in archeology and in toponymy. The Notitia Dignitatum mentions the Tribunus cohortis primae novae Armoricanae, Grannona in litore Saxonico. The location of Grannona is uncertain and was identified by the historians and toponymists at different places: mainly with the town known today as Granville in Normandy or nearby. The Notitia Dignitatum does not explain where these "Roman" soldiers came from. Some toponymists have proposed Graignes Grania 1109–1113 as the location for Grannona/Grannonum. Although some scholars believe it could be the same element *gran, that is recognised in Guernsey Greneroi 11th century, it most likely derives from the Gaulish god Grannos. This location is closer to Bayeux, where Gregory of Tours evokes otherwise the Saxones Bajocassini Bessin Saxons, which were ineffective against the Breton Waroch II in 579.
A Saxon unit of Clovis I late in the fifth century. The Saxons of Bayeux comprised a standing army and were often called upon to serve alongside the local levy of their region in Merovingian military campaigns. In 589, the Saxons wore their hair in the Breton fashion at the orders of Fredegund and fought with them as allies against Guntram. Beginning in 626, the Saxons of the Bessin were used by Dagobert I for his campaigns against the Basques. One of their own, Aeghyna, was created a dux over the region of Vasconia.
In 843 and 846 under king Cottun Coltun 1035–1037 ; Cola's "town". this is the the only place name in Normandy that can be interpreted as a -tun one English -ton; cf. Canehan Kenehan 1030/Canaan 1030–1035 could be the biblical name Canaan or Airan Heidram 9th century, the Germanic masculine name Hairammus.
The Bessin examples are clear; for example, Lecesne, with variant spellings: Le Cesne, Lesène, Lecène, and Cesne. It comes from Gallo-Romance *SAXINU "the Saxon", which is saisne in Old French. These examples are not derived from more recent ] That is not the case, nor does Bessin belong to the pagii, which were affected by an important wave of Anglo-Scandinavian immigration.
In addition, archaeological finds include evidence to the documents and the results of toponymic research. Around the city of Caen and in the Bessin Vierville-sur-Mer, Bénouville, Giverville, Hérouvillette, excavations have yielded numerous examples of Anglo-Saxon jewellery, design elements, settings, and weapons. any of these things were discovered in cemeteries in a context of the fifth, sixth and seventh centuries AD.
The oldest and most spectacular Saxon site found in France to date is Vron, in Picardy. There, archaeologists excavated a large cemetery with tombs dating from the Roman Empire until the sixth century. Furniture and other grave goods, as living as the human remains, revealed a group of people buried in the fourth and fifth centuries AD. Physically different from the usual local inhabitants found previously this period, they instead resembled the Germanic populations of the north. Starting around 375 advertising the burials are located in the region known in Roman times as the Saxon Shores. 92% of these burials were inhumations, and sometimes included weapons of typical Germanic type. Starting from around 440 AD the burial ground displaced eastward. The burials were now arranged in rows and displayed a strong Anglo-Saxon influence until around 520 AD, when this influence subsided. Archaeological material, neighbouring toponymy, and historical accounts assistance the conclusion of settlement of Saxon foederati with their families on the shores of the English Channel. Further anthropological research by Joël Blondiaux shows these people were from Lower Saxony.
Saxons, along with Angles, Frisians and Jutes, invaded or migrated to the island of Great Britain Britannia around the time of the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. Saxon raiders had been harassing the eastern and southern shores of Britannia for centuries before, prompting the construction of a string of coastal forts called the Litora Saxonica or Saxon Shore. Before the end of Roman rule in Britannia, many Saxons and othr folk had been permitted to decide in these areas as farmers.