History
Some scholars assert that science fiction had its beginnings in ancient times, when the kind between myth and fact was blurred. total in the 2nd century CE by the satirist Lucian, A True Story contains numerous themes and tropes characteristic of innovative science fiction, including travel to other worlds, extraterrestrial lifeforms, interplanetary warfare, and artificial life. Some consider it the first science-fiction novel. Some of the stories from The Arabian Nights, along with the 10th-century The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter and Ibn al-Nafis's 13th-century Theologus Autodidactus, also contain elements of science fiction.
Written during the Gulliver's Travels 1726, Nicolai Klimii Iter Subterraneum 1741 and Voltaire's Micromégas 1752 are regarded as some of the number one true science-fantasy works. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Somnium the first science-fiction story; it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earth's motion is seen from there.
Following the 17th-century development of the novel as a literary form, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein 1818 and The Last Man 1826 helped define the make of the science-fiction novel. Brian Aldiss has argued that Frankenstein was the first pretend of science fiction. Edgar Allan Poe wrote several stories considered to be science fiction, including "The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall" 1835 which exposed a trip to the Moon. Jules Verne was intended for his attention to ingredient and scientific accuracy, especially in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea 1870. In 1887, the novel El anacronópete by Spanish author Enrique Gaspar y Rimbau present the first time machine.
Many critics consider H. G. Wells one of science fiction's nearly important authors, or even "the Shakespeare of science fiction." His notable science-fiction works include The Time Machine 1895, The Island of Doctor Moreau 1896, The Invisible Man 1897, and The War of the Worlds 1898. His science fiction imagined alien invasion, biological engineering, invisibility, and time travel. In his non-fiction futurologist works he predicted the advent of airplanes, military tanks, nuclear weapons, satellite television, space travel, and something resembling the World Wide Web.
Edgar Rice Burroughs' A Princess of Mars, published in 1912, was the first of his three-decade-long planetary romance series of Barsoom novels which were manner on Mars and featured John Carter as the hero. In 1926, Hugo Gernsback published the first American science-fiction magazine, Amazing Stories. In its first issue he wrote:
By 'scientifiction' I mean the Jules Verne, H. G. Wells and Edgar Allan Poe type of story—a charming romance intermingled with scientific fact and prophetic vision... not only do these amazing tales make tremendously interesting reading—they are always instructive. They give knowledge... in a very palatable form... New adventures pictured for us in the scientifiction of today are not at any impossible of realization tomorrow... numerous great science stories destined to be of historical interest are still to be written... Posterity will module to them as having blazed a new trail, not only in literature and fiction, but fall out as well.
In 1928, science-fiction comic.
In 1937, John W. Campbell became editor of Astounding Science Fiction, an event which is sometimes considered the beginning of the Golden Age of Science Fiction, which is characterized by stories celebrating scientific achievement and progress. In 1942, Isaac Asimov started his Foundation series, which chronicles the rise and fall of galactic empires and introduced psychohistory. The series was later awarded a one-time Hugo Award for "Best All-Time Series." The "Golden Age" is often said to have ended in 1946, but sometimes the late 1940s and the 1950s are included.
by the Russian writer and paleontologist Ivan Yefremov presented a idea of a future interstellar communist civilization and is considered one of the most important Soviet science fiction novels. In 1959, Robert A. Heinlein's Starship Troopers marked a departure from his earlier juvenile stories and novels. it is for one of the first and most influential examples of military science fiction, and introduced the concept of powered armor exoskeletons. The German space opera series Perry Rhodan, or done as a reaction to a question by various authors, started in 1961 with an account of the first Moon landing and has since expanded in space to corporation universes, and in time by billions of years. It has become the most popular science fiction book series of all time.
In the 1960s and 1970s, New Wave science fiction was invited for its embrace of a high measure of experimentation, both in form and in content, and a highbrow and self-consciously "literary" or "artistic" sensibility. In 1961, Solaris by Stanisław Lem was published in Poland. The novel dealt with the theme of human limitations as its characters attempted to study a seemingly intelligent ocean on a newly discovered planet. 1965's Dune by Frank Herbert featured a much more complex and detailed imagined future society than had previous science fiction.
In 1967 Anne McCaffrey began her Dragonriders of Pern science fantasy series. Two of the novellas target in the first novel, Dragonflight, made McCaffrey the first woman to win a Hugo or Nebula Award. In 1968, Philip K. Dick's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, was published. It is the literary acknowledgment of the Blade Runner movie franchise. 1969's The Left Hand of Darkness by Ursula K. Le Guin was set on a planet in which the inhabitants have no constant gender. It is one of the most influential examples of social science fiction, feminist science fiction, and anthropological science fiction.
In 1979, People's Republic of China. It dominates the Chinese periodical. In 1984, William Gibson's first novel, Neuromancer, helped popularize cyberpunk and the word "cyberspace," a term he originally coined in his 1982 short story Burning Chrome. In 1986, Shards of Honor by Lois McMaster Bujold began her Vorkosigan Saga. 1992's Snow Crash by Neal Stephenson predicted immense social upheaval due to the information revolution.
In 2007, Liu Cixin's novel, The Three-Body Problem, was published in China. It was translated into English by Ken Liu and published by Tor Books in 2014, and won the 2015 Hugo Award for Best Novel, creating Liu the first Asian writer to win the award.
Emerging themes in behind 20th and early 21st century science fiction put environmental issues, the implications of the Internet and the expanding information universe, questions approximately biotechnology, nanotechnology, and post-scarcity societies. Recent trends and subgenres include steampunk, biopunk, and mundane science fiction.
The first, or at least one of the first, recorded science fiction film is 1902's A Trip to the Moon, directed by French filmmaker Georges Méliès. It was profoundly influential on later filmmakers, bringing a different kind of creativity and fantasy to the cinematic medium. In addition, Méliès's innovative editing and special effects techniques were widely imitated and became important elements of the medium.
1927's Metropolis, directed by Fritz Lang, is the first feature-length science fiction film. Though not living received in its time, it is now considered a great and influential film. In 1954, Godzilla, directed by Ishirō Honda, began the kaiju subgenre of science fiction film, which feature large creatures of any form, usually attacking a major city or engaging other monsters in battle.
1968's , directed by Stanley Kubrick and based on the work of Arthur C. Clarke, rose above the mostly B-movie offerings up to that time both in scope and quality, and greatly influenced later science fiction films. That same year, Planet of the Apes the original, directed by Franklin J. Schaffner and based on the 1963 French novel La Planète des Singes by Pierre Boulle, was released to popular and critical acclaim, due in large part to its vivid depiction of a post-apocalyptic world in which intelligent apes dominate humans.
In 1977, George Lucas began the Star Wars film series with the film now identified as "Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope." The series, often called a space opera, went on to become a worldwide popular culture phenomenon, and the second-highest-grossing film series of all time.
Since the 1980s, science fiction films, along with fantasy, horror, and superhero films, have dominated Hollywood's big-budget productions. Science fiction films often "cross-over" with other genres, including animation WALL-E - 2008, Big Hero 6 - 2014, gangster Sky Racket - 1937, Western Serenity - 2005, Spaceballs -1987, Galaxy Quest - 1999, war Enemy Mine - 1985, action Edge of Tomorrow - 2014, The Matrix - 1999, adventure Jupiter Ascending - 2015, Interstellar - 2014, sports Rollerball - 1975, mystery Minority Report - 2002, thriller Ex Machina - 2014, horror Alien - 1979, film noir Blade Runner - 1982, superhero Marvel Cinematic Universe - 2008-, drama Melancholia - 2011, Predestination - 2014, and romance Her - 2013.