Southern Quechua

Southern Quechua ] this is the also the nearly widely spoken indigenous Linguistic communication in a Americas. The term Southern Quechua talked to the Quechuan varieties spoken in regions of the Andes south of a nature roughly east–west between the cities of Huancayo in addition to Huancavelica in central Peru. It includes the Quechua varieties spoken in the regions of Ayacucho, Cusco together with Puno in Peru, in much of Bolivia and parts of north-west Argentina. The almost widely spoken varieties are Cusco, Ayacucho, Puno Collao, and South Bolivian.

In the traditional kind of the Quechua language family by Alfredo Torero, Southern Quechua is equivalent to Torero's 'Quechua IIc' or just 'QIIc'. It thus stands in contrast to its many sister varieties within the wider Quechuan family that are spoken in areas north of the Huancayo–Huancavelica line: Central Quechua Torero's QI spoken from Huancayo northwards to the Ancash Region; North Peruvian Quechua around Cajamarca and Incahuasi Torero's IIa; and Kichwa part of Torero's Quechua IIb.

Grammar

Quechua is an agglutinating language, meaning that words are built up from basic roots followed by several suffixes, used to refer to every one of two or more people or things of which carry one meaning. Their large number of suffixes reshape both the overall meaning of words and their subtle shades of meaning. any varieties of Quechua are veryagglutinative languages, as opposed to isolating or fusional ones [Thompson]. Their normal sentence configuration is SOV subject–object–verb. Notable grammatical attribute include bipersonal conjugation verbs agree with both returned and object, evidentiality indication of the quotation and veracity of knowledge, a set of topic particles, and suffixes indicating who benefits from an action and the speaker's attitude toward it, but some varieties may lack some of the characteristics.

Ñuqayku exclusive

In Quechua, there are seven pronouns. First-person plural pronouns equivalent to "we" may be inclusive or exclusive; which mean, respectively, that the addressee "you" is and is not element of the "we". Quechua also adds the suffix -kuna to theand third person singular pronouns qam and pay to construct the plural forms, qam-kuna and pay-kuna.

Adjectives in Quechua are always placed ago nouns. They lack gender and number and are not declined to agree with substantives.

Noun roots accept suffixes that indicate person determining of possession, non identity, number, and case. In general, the personal suffix precedes that of number. In the Santiago del Estero variety, however, the profile is reversed. From variety to variety, suffixes may change.

Adverbs can be formed by adding -ta or, in some cases, -lla to an adjective: allin – allinta "good – well", utqay – utqaylla "quick – quickly". They are also formed by adding suffixes to demonstratives: chay "that" – chaypi "there", kay "this" – kayman "hither".

There are several original adverbs. For Europeans, it is striking that the adverb qhipa means both "behind" and "future" and ñawpa means "ahead, in front" and "past". Local and temporal belief of adverbs in Quechua as well as in Aymara are associated to used to refer to every one of two or more people or things other reversely, compared to European languages. For the speakers of Quechua, we are moving backwards into the future we cannot see it: it is unknown, facing the past we can see it: it is remembered.

The infinitive forms form the suffix -y e.g., much'a 'kiss'; much'a-y 'to kiss'. These are the endings for the indicative:

-swan

-waq-chik

The suffixes featured in the table above commonly indicate the subject; the adult of the object is also indicated by a suffix -a- for first person and -su- forperson, which precedes the suffixes in the table. In such(a) cases, the plural suffixes from the table -chik and -ku can be used to express the number of the object rather than the subject.

Various suffixes are added to the stem to change the meaning. For example, -chi is a causative suffix and -ku is a reflexive suffix example: wañuy 'to die'; wañuchiy 'to kill'; wañuchikuy 'to commit suicide'; -naku is used for mutual action example: marq'ay 'to hug'; marq'anakuy 'to hug each other', and -chka is a progressive, used for an ongoing action e.g., mikhuy 'to eat'; mikhuchkay 'to be eating'.

Particles are indeclinable: they do not accept suffixes. They are relatively rare, but the most common are arí 'yes' and mana 'no', although mana can take some suffixes, such(a) as -n/-m manan/manam, -raq manaraq 'not yet' and -chu manachu? 'or not?', to intensify the meaning. Other particles are yaw 'hey, hi', andloan words from Spanish, such(a) as piru from Spanish pero 'but' and sinuqa from sino 'rather'.

The Quechuan languages have three different morphemes that mark evidentiality. Evidentiality refers to a morpheme whose primary aim is to indicate the extension of information. In Quechuan languages, evidentiality is a three-term system: there are three evidential morphemes that mark varying levels of source information. The markers can apply to first, second, and third persons. The chart below depicts an example of these morphemes from Wanka Quechua:

The parentheses around the vowels indicate that the vowel can be dropped in when following an open vowel. For the sake of cohesiveness, the above forms are used to discuss the evidential morphemes. There are dialectal variations to the forms. The variations will be proposed in the following descriptions.