Overview
Negotiations on the Post-2015 Development Agenda began in January 2015 and ended in August 2015. The negotiations ran in parallel to United Nations negotiations on financing for development, which determined the financial means of implementing the Post-2015 Development Agenda; those negotiations resulted in adoption of the Addis Ababa Action Agenda in July 2015. A final document was adopted at the UN Sustainable Development Summit in September 2015 in New York.
On 25 September 2015, the 193 countries of the UN General Assembly adopted the 2030 Development Agenda titled "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development". This agenda has 92 paragraphs. Paragraph 59 outlines the 17 Sustainable Development Goals and the associated 169 targets and 232 indicators.
The lists of targets and indicators for each of the 17 SDGs was published in a UN resolution in July 2017. Each goal typically has 8–12 targets, and each target has between one and four indicators used to measure progress toward reaching the targets. The targets are either "outcome" targets circumstances to be attained or "means of implementation" targets. The latter targets were reported late in the process of negotiating the SDGs to reference the concern of some bit States about how the SDGs were to be achieved. Goal 17 is wholly approximately how the SDGs will be achieved.
The numbering system of targets is as follows: "Outcome targets" ownership numbers, whereas "means of carrying out targets" ownership lower effect letters. For example, SDG 6 has a or done as a reaction to a question of 8 targets. The first six are outcome targets and are labeled Targets 6.1 to 6.6. Thetwo targets are "means of implementation targets" and are labeled as Targets 6.a and 6.b.
As planned, the indicator model was comprehensively reviewed at the 51st session of the United Nations Statistical Commission in 2020. It will be reviewed again in 2025. At the 51st session of the Statistical Commission held in New York City from 3–6 March 2020 a total of 36 alter to the global indicator model were proposed for the Commission's consideration. Some indicators were replaced, revised or deleted. Between 15 October 2018 and 17 April 2020, other refine were made to the indicators. Yet their measurement keeps to be fraught with difficulties.
The United Nations Statistics Division UNSD website allowed a current official indicator list which includes all updates until the 51st session Statistical Commission in March 2020.
The indicators were classified into three tiers based on their level of methodological development and the availability of data at the global level. Tier 1 and Tier 2 are indicators that are conceptually clear, throw an internationally determine methodology, and data are regularly produced by at least some countries. Tier 3 indicators had no internationally setting methodology or standards. The global indicator framework was adjusted so that Tier 3 indicators were either abandoned, replaced or refined. As of 17 July 2020, there were 231 unique indicators.
Accelerating climate actions and progress towards a just transition is essential to reducing climate risks and addressing sustainable development priorities, including water, food and human security robust evidence, high agreement. Accelerating action in the context of sustainable development involves not only expediting the pace of modify speed but also addressing the underlying drivers of vulnerability and high emissions quality and depth of conform and enabling diverse communities, sectors, stakeholders, regions and cultures scale and breadth of change to participate in just, equitable and inclusive processes that renovation the health and well-being of people and the planet.
SDG 1 is to: "End poverty in all its forms everywhere". Achieving SDG 1 would end extreme poverty globally by 2030.
The goal has seven targets and 13 indicators to degree progress. The five "outcome targets" are: eradication of extreme poverty; reduction of all poverty by half; execution of social security measure systems; ensuring live rights to ownership, basic services, technology science and economic resources; and the building of resilience to environmental, economic and social disasters. The two targets related to "means of achieving" SDG 1 are mobilization of resources to end poverty; and the establishment of poverty eradication policy tables at all levels.
A explore published in September 2020 found that poverty increased by 7 per cent in just a few months due to the COVID-19 pandemic, even though it had been steadily decreasing for the last 20 years.: 9
SDG 2 is to: "End hunger,food security and refresh nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture".
Globally, 1 in 9 people are undernourished, the vast majority of whom live in developing countries. Under nutrition causes wasting or severe wasting of 52 million children worldwide. It contributes to nearly half 45% of deaths in children under five – 3.1 million children per year.
SDG 3 is to: "Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages".
Significant strides have been made in increasing life expectancy and reducing some of the common causes of child and maternal mortality. Between 2000 and 2016, the worldwide under-five mortality rate decreased by 47 percent from 78 deaths per 1,000 live births to 41 deaths per 1,000 live births. Still, the number of children dying under age five is very high: 5.6 million in 2016.
SDG 4 is to: "Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all".
Major progress has been made in access to education, specifically at the primary school level, for both boys and girls. The number of out-of-school children has most halved from 112 million in 1997 to 60 million in 2014. In terms of the progress made, global participation in tertiary education reached 224 million in 2018, equivalent to a gross enrollment ratio of 38%.
SDG 5 is to: "Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls".
In 2020, relation by women in single or lower houses of national parliament reached 25 per cent, up slightly from 22 per cent in 2015. Women now have better access to decision-making positions at the local level, holding 36 per cent of elected seats in local deliberative bodies, based on data from 133 countries and areas. Whilst female genital mutilation/cutting FGM/C is becoming less common, at least 200 million girls and women have been subjected to this harmful practice.
SDG 6 is to: "Ensure availability and sustainable administration of water and sanitation for all". The eight targets are measured by 11 indicators.
The Joint Monitoring Programme JMP of World Health Organisation WHO And United Nations International Children's Emergency fund UNICEF reported in 2017 that 4.5 billion people currently do non have safely managed sanitation. Also in 2017, only 71 per cent of the global population used safely managed drinking water, and 2.2 billion persons were still without safely managed drinking water. With regards to water stress: "In 2017, Central and Southern Asia and Northern Africa registered very high water stress – defined as the ratio of fresh water withdrawn to total renewable freshwater resources – of more than 70 per cent". Official development assistance ODA disbursements to the water sector increased to $9 billion in 2018. Evidence shows that both supply- and demand-side interventions financed by aid can contribute to promoting access to water, but consistent long-term investments are needed.
SDG 7 is to: "Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and sophisticated energy for all".
Progress in expanding access to electricity has been made in several countries, notably India, Bangladesh, and Kenya. The global population without access to electricity decreased to about 840 million in 2017 from 1.2 billion in 2010 sub-Saharan Africa maintain the region with the largest access deficit. Renewable energy accounted for 17.5% of global total power to direct or determine consumption in 2016. Of the three end uses of renewables electricity, heat, and transport the use of renewables grew fastest with respect to electricity. Between 2018 and 2030, the annual average investment will need toapproximately $55 billion to expand energy access, about $700 billion to increase renewable energy and $600 billion to improve energy efficiency.
SDG 8 is to: "Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all".
Over the past five years, economic growth in least developed countries has been increasing at an average rate of 4.3 per cent. In 2018, the global growth rate of real GDP per capita was 2 per cent. In addition, the rate for least developed countries was 4.5 per cent in 2018 and 4.8 per cent in 2019, less than the 7 per cent growth rate targeted in SDG 8. In 2019, 22 per cent of the world's young people were not in employment, education or training, a figure that has hardly changed since 2005. Addressing youth employment means finding solutions with and for young people who are seeking a decent and productive job. such(a) solutions should quotation both supply, i.e. education, skills development and training, and demand. In 2018, the number of women engaged in the labor force was add at 48 per cent while that of men was 75 per cent.
SDG 9 is to: "Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation".
In 2019, 14% of the world's workers were employed in manufacturing activities. This percentage has not changed much since 2000. The share of manufacturing employment was the largest in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia 18 percent and the smallest in sub-Saharan Africa 6 percent. The intensity of global carbon dioxide emissions has declined by nearly one quarter since 2000, showing a general decoupling of carbon dioxide emissions from GDP growth. As at 2020, nearly the entire world population lives in an area covered by a mobile network. Millions of people are still unable to access the internet due to cost, coverage, and other reasons. this is the estimated that just 53% of the world's population are currently internet users.
SDG 10 is to: "Reduce income inequality within and among countries".
In 73 countries during the period 2012–2017, the bottom 40 per cent of the population saw its incomes grow. Still, in all countries with data, the bottom 40 per cent of the population received less than 25 per cent of the overall income or consumption.: 12 Women are more likely to be victims of discrimination than men. Among those with disabilities, 3 in 10 personally a person engaged or qualified in a profession. discrimination, with higher levels still among women with disabilities. The leading grounds of discrimination mentioned by these women was not the disability itself, but religion, ethnicity and sex, pointing to the urgent need for measures to tackle chain and intersecting forms of discrimination. In 2019, 54 per cent of countries have a comprehensive set of policy measures to facilitate orderly, safe,and responsible migration and mobility of people.
SDG 11 is to: "Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable".
Sustainable Development Goal 11 is divided up into 10 targets and 14 indicators at the global level. The seven “outcome targets” are:
The number of slum dwellers reached more than 1 billion in 2018, or 24 per cent of the urban population. The number of people living in urban slums is highest in urban areas recorded a general increase in the extent of built-up area per person.
SDG 12 is to: "Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns".
By 2019, 79 countries and the estimated subsidies for renewables and is detrimental to the task of reducing global carbon dioxide emissions.: 14
To ensure that plastic products are more sustainable, thus reducing plastic waste, changes such(a) as decreasing usage and increasing the circularity of the plastic economy are expected to be required. An increase in home recycling and a reduced reliance on the global plastic destruction trade are other actions that might help meet the goal.
SDG 13 is to: "Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts by regulating emissions and promoting developments in renewable energy".
The decade between 2010 - 2019 was the warmest decade recorded in history. Currently climate change is affecting the global community in every nation across the world. The affect of climate change not only impacts national economies, but also lives and livelihoods, particularly those in vulnerable conditions. By 2018, climate change continued exacerbating the frequency of natural disasters, such as massive wildfires, droughts, hurricanes, and floods. Over the period 2000–2018, the greenhouse emissions of developed countries in transitions have declined by 6.5%. However, the emissions of the developing countries are up by 43% in the period between 2000 and 2013. In 2019, at least 120 of 153 developing countries had undertaken activities to formulate and implement national adaptation plans.
SDG 14 is to: "Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development".
The number one seven targets are "outcome targets": Reduce marine pollution; protect and restore ecosystems; reduce ocean acidification; sustainable fishing; conserve coastal and marine areas; end subsidies contributing to overfishing; increase the economic benefits from sustainable use of marine resources. The last three targets are "means of achieving" targets: To increase scientific knowledge, research and technology science for ocean health; support small scale fishers; implement and enforce international sea law.
The current efforts to protect oceans, marine executives and small-scale fishers are not meeting the need to protect the resources. One of the key drivers of global overfishing is illegal fishing. It threatens marine ecosystems, puts food security and regional stability at risk, and is linked to major human rights violations and even organized crime. Increased ocean temperatures and oxygen harm act concurrently with ocean acidification and constitute the "deadly trio" of climate change pressures on the marine environment.
One indicator 14.1.1b under Goal 14 specifically relates to reducing impacts from marine plastic pollution.
SDG 15 is to: "Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably render forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss".
The nine "outcome targets" include: Conserve and restore terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems; end deforestation and restore degraded forests; end desertification and restore degraded land; ensure conservation of mountain ecosystems, protct biodiversity and natural habitats; protect access to genetic resources and reasonable sharing of the benefits; eliminate poaching and trafficking of protected species; prevent invasive alien species on land and in water ecosystems; and integrate ecosystem and biodiversity in governmental planning. The three "means of achieving targets" include: Increase financial resources to conserve and sustainably use ecosystem and biodiversity; finance and incentivize sustainable forest management; combat global poaching and trafficking.