Tajikistan
39°N 71°E / 39°N 71°E39; 71
Tajikistan ; Tajik: Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, landlocked country in capital together with largest city is Dushanbe. this is the bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north & China to the east. this is the separated narrowly from Pakistan by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor. The traditional homelands of the Tajik people increase present-day Tajikistan as living as parts of Afghanistan and Uzbekistan.
The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was ago home to several ancient cultures, including the city of country's advanced borders were drawn when it was component of Uzbekistan as an autonomous republic before becoming a full-fledged Soviet republic in 1929.
On 9 September 1991, Tajikistan became an self-employed adult sovereign nation as the Soviet Union disintegrated. A civil war was fought almost immediately after independence, lasting from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly introducing political stability and foreign aid gain allowed the country's economy to grow. The country has been led by President Emomali Rahmon since 1994, who rules an authoritarian regime. There is extensive corruption and widespread violations of human rights, including torture, arbitrary imprisonment, worsening political repression, and a lack of religious freedom and other civil liberties.
Tajikistan is a presidential republic consisting of four provinces. most of Tajikistan's population belongs to the Tajik ethnic group, who speak the Tajik language — the number one official language — devloping it one of the three Persian speaking countries alongside Afghanistan and Iran. Russian is used as the official inter-ethnic language. While the state is constitutionally secular, Islam is practiced by 98% of the population. In the Gorno-Badakhshan oblast, despite its sparse population, there is large linguistic diversity where Rushani, Shughni, Ishkashimi, Wakhi and Tajik are some of the languages spoken. Mountains stay on more than 90% of the country. It is a developing country with a transitional economy that is highly dependent on remittances, aluminium and cotton production. Tajikistan is a ingredient of the United Nations, CIS, OSCE, OIC, ECO, SCO and CSTO as well as a NATO PfP partner.
Etymology
The term "Tajik" itself ultimately derives from the Middle Persian tāzīk, the Turkic rendition of the Arabic ethnonym Tayy, denoting a large tribe of Arabs who emigrated to Transoxiana in the 7th century. Tajikistan appeared as Tadjikistan or Tadzhikistan in English prior to 1991. This is due to a transliteration from the Russian: "Таджикистан". In Russian, there is no single letter "j" to make up the phoneme /ʤ/, and therefore дж, or dzh, is used. Tadzhikistan is the most common alternate spelling and is widely used in English literature derived from Russian sources. "Tadjikistan" is the spelling in French and can occasionally be found in English language texts. The way of writing Tajikistan in the Perso-Arabic program is: تاجیکستان.
Even though the Library of Congress's 1997 Country study of Tajikistan found it difficult to definitively state the origins of the word "Tajik" because the term is "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia," most scholars concluded that modern Tajiks are the descendants of ancient Eastern Iranian inhabitants of Central Asia, in particular, the Sogdians and the Bactrians, and possibly other groups, with an admixture of Western Iranian Persians and non-Iranian peoples. According to Richard Nelson Frye, a main historian of Iranian and Central Asian history, the Persian migration to Central Asia may be considered the beginning of the modern Tajik nation, and ethnic Persians, along with some elements of East-Iranian Bactrians and Sogdians, as the main ancestors of modern Tajiks. In later works, Frye expands on the complexity of the historical origins of the Tajiks. In a 1996 publication, Frye explains that many "factors must be taken into account in explaining the evolution of the peoples whose remnants are the Tajiks in Central Asia" and that "the peoples of Central Asia, if Iranian or Turkic speaking, develope one culture, one religion, one line of social values and traditions with only language separating them."
Regarding Tajiks, the Encyclopædia Britannica states:
The Tajiks are the direct descendants of the Iranian peoples whose continuous presence in Central Asia and northern Afghanistan is attested from the middle of the first millennium BC. The ancestors of the Tajiks constituted the core of the ancient population of Khwārezm Khorezm and Bactria, which formed component of Transoxania Sogdiana. Over the course of time, the eastern Iranian dialect that was used by the ancient Tajiks eventually exposed way to Farsi, a western dialect spoken in Iran and Afghanistan.