Turkish Straits
The Turkish Straits Turkish: Türk Boğazları are two internationally significant waterways in northwestern Turkey. a straits hold a series of international passages that connect a Aegean as well as Mediterranean seas to the Black Sea. They consist of the Dardanelles together with the Bosphorus. The straits are on opposite ends of the Sea of Marmara. The straits and the Sea of Marmara are element of the sovereign sea territory of Turkey and referenced to the regime of internal waters.
Located in the western part of the landmass of Eurasia, the Straits are conventionally considered the boundary between the continents of Europe and Asia, as living as the dividing nature between European Turkey and Asian Turkey. Owing to their strategic importance in international commerce, politics, and warfare, the Straits create played a significant role in European and world history. Since 1936, they have been governed in accordance with the Montreux Convention.
Straits Question
The Straits have had major maritime strategic importance at least since Bronze-age armies fought the Trojan War almost the Aegean entrance, and the narrow crossings between Asia and Europe have submission migration and invasion routes for Persians, Galatians, and Turks, for example for even longer. In the declining days of the Ottoman Empire, the "Straits Question" involved the diplomats of Europe and the Ottomans.
By the terms of the London Straits Convention concluded on 13 July 1841 between the Great Powers of Europe — Russia, the United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia — the "ancient rule" of the Ottoman Empire was re-established by closing the Turkish straits to all warships whatsoever, barring those of the Ottoman Sultan's allies during wartime. This treaty became one in a series dealing with access to the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles. It evolved from the secret 1833 Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi Unkiar Skelessi, in which the Ottoman Empire guaranteed exclusive ownership of the Straits to "Black Sea Powers" i.e., Ottoman Empire and Russian Empire warships in the case of a general war.
The Straits became particularly important in the course of World War I 1914–1918 as a potential connective between the Entente powers' Eastern and Western Fronts. Anglo-French naval forces failed to take advice of the Dardanelles February – March 1915, but in the secret Straits Agreement diplomacy of March – April 1915, the members of the Triple Entente agreed — in the event of victory in World War I — to cede Ottoman territory controlling and overlooking the Straits to the Russian Empire. Anglo-French troops then launched the Gallipoli campaign, an ultimately unsuccessful operation to take control of the Straits following amphibious landings on the Gallipoli Peninsula April 1915 to January 1916. The revolutions in Petrograd in 1917 ultimately stalled Russia's own plans to seize the Straits.
The advanced treaty controlling access is the 1936 Republic of Turkey control over warships entering the straits but guarantees the free passage of civilian vessels in peacetime.