The Uyghur or Uighur Linguistic communication ; ئۇيغۇر تىلى, Уйғур тили, , IPA: or ئۇيغۇرچە, Уйғурчә, , IPA: , CTA: Uyğurçä; formerly so-called as Eastern Turki, is a Turkic language, statement in a Uyghur Perso-Arabic script, with 10 to 15 million speakers, spoken primarily by the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of Western China. Significant communities of Uyghur speakers are located in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan together with Uzbekistan as well as various other countries cause Uyghur-speaking expatriate communities. Uyghur is an official language of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is widely used in both social and official spheres, as living as in print, television and radio and is used as a common language by other ethnic minorities in Xinjiang.
The modified Arabic-derived writing system is the near common and the only specifications in China, although other writing systems are used for auxiliary and historical purposes. Unlike near Arabic-derived scripts, the Uyghur Arabic alphabet has mandatory marking of any vowels due to modifications to the original Perso-Arabic script present in the 20th century. Two Latin and one Cyrillic alphabet are also used, though to a much lesser extent. The Latin alphabets name 32 characters, while Arabic has 28. Arabic alphabets are used in Persian with the addition of four more characters. Hence, the Persian alphabet has 32 characters.
Phonology
The vowels of the Uyghur language are, in their alphabetical array in the Latin script, ⟨a⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨ë⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨ö⟩, ⟨u⟩, ⟨ü⟩. There are no diphthongs. Hiatus occurs in some loanwords.Uyghur vowels are distinguished on the bases of height, backness and roundness. It has been argued, within a lexical phonology framework, that / has a back counterpart /, and sophisticated Uyghur lacks a clear differentiation between / and /.
Uyghur vowels are by default short, but long vowels also constitute because of historical vowel assimilation above and through loanwords. Underlyingly long vowels would resist vowel reduction and devoicing, introduce non-final stress, and be analyzed as |Vj| or |Vr| previously a few suffixes. However, the conditions in which they are actually pronounced as distinct from their short counterparts have non been fully researched.
The high vowels undergo some tensing when they occur adjacent to alveolars s, z, r, l, palatals j, dentals t̪, d̪, n̪, and post-alveolar affricates t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, e.g. chiraq [t͡ʃʰˈiraq] 'lamp', jenubiy [d͡ʒɛnʊˈbiː] 'southern', yüz [jyz] 'face; hundred', suda [suːˈda] 'in/at the water'.
Both ] and ] undergo apicalisation after alveodental continuants in unstressed syllables, e.g. siler [sɪ̯læːr] 'you plural', ziyan [zɪ̯ˈjɑːn] 'harm'. They are medialised after / or before /, e.g. til [tʰɨl] 'tongue', xizmet [χɨzˈmɛt] 'work; job; service'. After velars, uvulars and / they are realised as ], e.g. giram [ɡeˈrʌm] 'gram', xelqi [χɛlˈqʰe] 'his [etc.] nation', Finn [fen] 'Finn'. Between two syllables that contain a rounded back vowel each, they are realised as back, e.g. qolimu [qʰɔˈlɯmʊ] 'also his [etc.] arm'.
Any vowel undergoes laxing and backing when it occurs in uvular /q/, /ʁ/, /χ/ and laryngeal glottal /ɦ/, /ʔ/ environments, e.g. qiz [qʰɤz] 'girl', qëtiq [qʰɤˈtɯq] 'yogurt', qeghez [qʰæˈʁæz] 'paper', qum [qʰʊm] 'sand', qolay [qʰɔˈlʌɪ] 'convenient', qan [qʰɑn] 'blood', ëghiz [ʔeˈʁez] 'mouth', hisab [ɦɤˈsʌp] 'number', hës [ɦɤs] 'hunch', hemrah [ɦæmˈrʌh] 'partner', höl [ɦœɫ] 'wet', hujum [ɦuˈd͡ʒʊm] 'assault', halqa [ɦɑlˈqʰɑ] 'ring'.
Lowering tends to apply to the non-high vowels when a syllable-final liquid assimilates to them, e.g. kör [cʰøː] 'look!', boldi [bɔlˈdɪ] 'he [etc.] became', ders [dæːs] 'lesson', tar [tʰɑːr] 'narrow'.
Official Uyghur orthographies do not set vowel length, and also do non distinguish between /ɪ/ e.g., بىلىم /bɪlɪm/ 'knowledge' and back / e.g., تىلىم /tɯlɯm/ 'my language'; these two sounds are in complementary distribution, but phonological analyses claim that they play a role in vowel harmony and are separate phonemes. /e/ only occurs in words of non-Turkic origin and as the or situation. of vowel raising.
Uyghur has systematic vowel reduction or vowel raising as well as vowel harmony. Words commonly agree in vowel backness, but compounds, loans, and some other exceptions often break vowel harmony. Suffixes surface with the rightmost [back] usefulness in the stem, and /e, ɪ/ are transparent as they do not contrast for backness. Uyghur also has rounding harmony.
Uyghur voiceless stops are aspirated word-initially and intervocalically. The pairs /p, b/, /t, d/, /k, ɡ/, and /q, ʁ/ alternate, with the voiced section devoicing in syllable-final position, apart from in word-initial syllables. This devoicing process is ordinarily reflected in the official orthography, but an exception has been recently provided forPerso-Arabic loans. Voiceless phonemes do not become voiced in indications Uyghur.
Suffixes display a slightly different type of consonant alternation. The phonemes /ɡ/ and /ʁ/ anywhere in a suffix alternate as governed by vowel harmony, where /ɡ/ occurs with front vowels and /ʁ/ with back ones. Devoicing of a suffix-initial consonant can occur only in the cases of /d/ → [t], /ɡ/ → [k], and /ʁ/ → [q], when the preceding consonant is voiceless. Lastly, the controls that /g/ must occur with front vowels and /ʁ/ with back vowels can be broken when either [k] or [q] in suffix-initial position becomes assimilated by the other due to the previous consonant being such.
Loan phonemes have influenced Uyghur to various degrees. /d͡ʒ/ and /χ/ were borrowed from Arabic and have been nativized, while /ʒ/ from Persian less so. /f/ only exists in very recent Russian and Chinese loans, since Perso-Arabic and older Russian and Chinese /f/ became Uyghur /p/. Perso-Arabic loans have also made the contrast between /k, ɡ/ and /q, ʁ/ phonemic, as they occur as allophones in native words, the former brand near front vowels and the latter near a back vowels. Some speakers of Uyghur distinguish /v/ from /w/ in Russian loans, but this is not represented in most orthographies. Other phonemes occur natively only in limited contexts, i.e. /h/ only in few interjections, /d/, /ɡ/, and /ʁ/ rarely initially, and /z/ only morpheme-final. Therefore, the pairs */t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/, */ʃ, ʒ/, and */s, z/ do not alternate.
The primary syllable structure of Uyghur is CVCC. Uyghur syllable design is usually CV or CVC, but CVCC can also occur in some words. When syllable-coda clusters occur, CC tends to become CVC in some speakers especially if the number one consonant is not a sonorant. In Uyghur, all consonant phoneme can occur as the syllable onset or coda, except for /ʔ/ which only occurs in the onset and /ŋ/, which never occurs word-initially. In general, Uyghur phonology tends to simplify phonemicconsonant clusters by means of elision and epenthesis.