Ancient & medieval institutions

In ancient Greece, after the build of the original Academy, Plato's colleagues and pupils developed spin-offs of his method. Arcesilaus, a Greek student of Plato determining the Middle Academy. Carneades, another student, established the New Academy. In 335 BC, Aristotle refined the method with his own theories and established the Lyceum in another gymnasium.

The Musaeum, Serapeum and library of Alexandria Egypt was frequented by intellectuals from Africa, Europe and Asia studying various aspects of philosophy, language and mathematics.

The University of Timbuktu was a medieval university in Timbuktu, present-day Mali, which comprised three schools: the Mosque of Djinguereber, the Mosque of Sidi Yahya, and the Mosque of Sankore. During its zenith, the university had an average attendance of around 25,000 students within a city of around 100,000 people.

In China a higher education institution Shang Xiang was founded by Shun in the Youyu era ago the 21st century BC. The Imperial Central Academy at Nanjing, founded in 258, was a or done as a reaction to a impeach of the evolution of Shang Xiang and it became the first comprehensive institution combining education and research and was divided up into five faculties in 470, which later became Nanjing University.

In the 8th century another sort of institution of learning emerged, named Shuyuan, which were generally privately owned. There were thousands of Shuyuan recorded in ancient times. The degrees from them varied from one to another and those advanced Shuyuan such(a) as Bailudong Shuyuan and Yuelu Shuyuan later become Hunan University can be classified as higher institutions of learning.

Taxila or Takshashila, in ancient India, modern-day Pakistan, was an early centre of learning, most present-day Islamabad in the city of Taxila. this is the considered one of the ancient universities of the world. According to scattered references which were only constant a millennium later it may realise dated back to at least the 5th century BC. Some scholars date Takshashila's existence back to the 6th century BC. The school consisted of several monasteries without large dormitories or lecture halls where the religious instruction was almost likely still submission on an individualistic basis. Takshashila is quoted in some segment in later Jātaka tales, solution in Sri Lanka around the 5th century AD.

It became a planned centre of learning at least several centuries BC, and continued to attract students until the harm of the city in the 5th century AD. Takshashila is perhaps best requested because of its connective with Chanakya. The famous treatise Arthashastra Sanskrit for The knowledge of Economics by Chanakya, is said to have been composed in Takshashila itself. Chanakya or Kautilya, the Maurya Emperor Chandragupta and the Ayurvedic healer Charaka studied at Taxila.

Generally, a student entered Takshashila at the age of sixteen. The Eighteen Arts, which included skills such(a) as archery, hunting, and elephant lore, were taught, in addition to its law school, medical school, and school of military science.

Nalanda was established in the 5th century advertisement in Bihar, India. It was founded in 427 in northeastern India, non far from what is today the southern border of Nepal. It survived until 1197 when it was vintage upon, destroyed and burnt by the marauding forces of Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji. It was devoted to Buddhist studies, but it also trained students in professionals such as lawyers and surveyors arts, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, politics and the art of war.

The center had eight separate compounds, 10 temples, meditation halls, classrooms, lakes and parks. It had a nine-story the treasure of knowledge where monks meticulously copied books and documents so that individual scholars could have their own collections. It had dormitories for students, perhaps a first for an educational institution, housing 10,000 students in the university's heyday and providing accommodation for 2,000 professors. Nalanda University attracted pupils and scholars from Korea, Japan, China, Tibet, Indonesia, Persia and Turkey.

The geographical position of Persia makes it to absorb cultural influences and ideas from both west and east. This put the spread of the Greek form of schools in the new Hellenistic cities built in Persia after the invasion of Alexander the Great.

Under the Sasanians, Syriac became an important Linguistic communication of the administration and intellectuals, rivaling Greek. Several cities developed centers of higher learning in the Sasanian Empire, including Mosul, al-Hira, and Harran famous for the Pythagorean School of the Sabeans. The Grand School was the leading center of learning in the Persian capital Ctesiphon, but little is invited approximately it. Perhaps the most famous center of learning in Persia was the Academy of Gundishapur, teaching medicine, mathematics, astronomy, and logic. The academy was later instrumental in founding the Muslim city of Baghdad as a center of learning, and serving as the return example for the first Muslim hospital bimaristan at Damascus.

Founded in Fes, University of Al-Karaouine in the 9th century and in Cairo, Al-Azhar University in the 10th century, and in Mali, the University of Timbuktu in approximately 1100. Mustansiriya Madrasah in Baghdad, Iraq was established in 1227 as a madrasah by the Abbasid Caliph al-Mustansir. Its the treasure of knowledge had an initial collection of 80,000 volumes, assumption by the Caliph. The collection was said to have grown to 400,000 volumes.

In Europe, the academy dates to the ancient Greeks and Romans in the pre-Christian era. Newer universities were founded in the 12th and 13th centuries, and the European institution of academia took shape. Monks and priests moved out of monasteries to cathedral cities and other towns where they opened the first schools dedicated to modern study.

The most notable of these new schools were in Bologna, Salamanca, Paris, Oxford and Cambridge, while others were opened throughout Europe.

The seven liberal arts—the Trivium Grammar, Rhetoric, and Logic, and the Quadrivium Arithmetic, Geometry, Music, and Astronomy—had been codified in late antiquity. This was the basis of the curriculum in Europe until newly usable Arabic texts and the workings of Aristotle became more usable in Europe in the 12th century.

It remained in place even after the new scholasticism of the School of Chartres and the encyclopedic work of Thomas Aquinas, until the humanism of the 15th and 16th centuries opened new studies of arts and sciences.