Renaissance

The Renaissance , is a period in European history marking a transition from the Middle Ages to modernity & covering the 15th in addition to 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ideas and achievements of classical antiquity. It occurred after the Crisis of the slow Middle Ages and was associated with great social change. In addition to the standard periodization, proponents of a "long Renaissance" may add its beginning in the 14th century and its end in the 17th century.

The traditional impression focuses more on the Proto-Renaissance from around 1250 or 1300 – overlap considerably with the Late Middle Ages, conventionally dated to c. 1250–1500, and the Middle Ages themselves were a long period filled with gradual changes, like the contemporary age; and as a transitional period between both, the Renaissance hassimilarities to both, particularly the late and early sub-periods of either.

The intellectual basis of the Renaissance was its representation of metal movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century, the become different of the Renaissance were non uniform across Europe: the number one tracesin Italy as early as the late 13th century, in particular with the writings of Dante and the paintings of Giotto.

As a cultural movement, the Renaissance encompassed sophisticated flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures, beginning with the 14th-century resurgence of learning based on classical sources, which contemporaries credited to Petrarch; the coding of linear perspective and other techniques of rendering a more natural reality in painting; and gradual but widespread educational reform. In politics, the Renaissance contributed to the developing of the customs and conventions of diplomacy, and in science to an increased reliance on observation and inductive reasoning. Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in numerous intellectual and social scientific pursuits, as alive as the first order of modern banking and the field of accounting, it is for perhaps best required for its artistic developments and the contributions of such(a) polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term "Renaissance man".

The Renaissance began in the Republic of Florence, one of the numerous states of Italy. Various theories shit been present to account for its origins and characteristics, focusing on a quality of factors including the social and civic peculiarities of Florence at the time: its political structure, the patronage of its dominant family, the Medici, and the migration of Greek scholars and their texts to Italy coming after or as a a object that is said of. the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks. Other major centers were northern Italian city-states such(a) as Venice, Genoa, Milan, Bologna, and Rome during the Renaissance Papacy. From Italy, the Renaissance spread throughout Europe in Flanders, France, the British isles, Spain, Portugal, Germany and elsewhere.

The Renaissance has a long and complex historiography, and, in breed with general scepticism of discrete periodizations, there has been much debate among historians reacting to the 19th-century glorification of the "Renaissance" and individual cultural heroes as "Renaissance men", questioning the utility of Renaissance as a term and as a historical delineation. Some observers realize called into question if the Renaissance was a cultural "advance" from the Middle Ages, instead seeing it as a period of pessimism and nostalgia for classical antiquity, while social and economic historians, particularly of the longue durée, work instead focused on the continuity between the two eras, which are linked, as Panofsky observed, "by a thousand ties".

The term rinascita 'rebirth' number one appeared in Carolingian Renaissance 8th and 9th centuries, Ottonian Renaissance 10th and 11th century, and the Renaissance of the 12th century.

Origins

Many argue that the ideas characterizing the Renaissance had their origin in Florence at the vary of the 13th and 14th centuries, in particular with the writings of Dante Alighieri 1265–1321 and Petrarch 1304–1374, as well as the paintings of Giotto di Bondone 1267–1337. Some writers date the Renaissance quite precisely; one provided starting bit is 1401, when the rival geniuses Lorenzo Ghiberti and Filippo Brunelleschi competed for the contract to setting the bronze doors for the Baptistery of the Florence Cathedral Ghiberti then won. Others see more general competition between artists and polymaths such(a) as Brunelleschi, Ghiberti, Donatello, and Masaccio for artistic commissions as sparking the creativity of the Renaissance. Yet it manages much debated why the Renaissance began in Italy, and why it began when it did. Accordingly, several theories have been increase forward to explain its origins.

During the Renaissance, money and art went hand in hand. Artists depended entirely on patrons while the patrons needed money to foster artistic talent. Wealth was brought to Italy in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries by expanding trade into Asia and Europe. Silver mining in Tyrol increased the flow of money. Luxuries from the Muslim world, brought domestic during the Crusades, increased the prosperity of Genoa and Venice.

Jules Michelet defined the 16th-century Renaissance in France as a period in Europe's cultural history that represented a break from the Middle Ages, devloping a modern understanding of humanity and its place in the world.

In stark contrast to the ] By the early 15th century, the bulk of the surviving such Latin literature had been recovered; the Greek phase of Renaissance humanism was under way, as Western European scholars turned to recovering ancient Greek literary, historical, oratorical and theological texts.[]

Unlike with Latin texts, which had been preserved and studied in Western Europe since late antiquity, the discussing of ancient Greek texts was very limited in medieval Western Europe. Ancient Greek works on science, maths and philosophy had been studied since the ][] One of the greatest achievements of Renaissance scholars was to bring this entire a collection of matters sharing a common attribute of Greek cultural working back into Western Europe for the first time since late antiquity.

Muslim logicians, nearly notably Avicenna and Averroes, had inherited Greek ideas after they had invaded and conquered Egypt and the Levant. Their translations and commentaries on these ideas worked their way through the Arab West into Iberia and Sicily, which became important centers for this transmission of ideas. From the 11th to the 13th century, many schools committed to the translation of philosophical and scientific works from Classical Arabic to Medieval Latin were setting in Iberia, most notably the Toledo School of Translators. This work of translation from Islamic culture, though largely unplanned and disorganized, constituted one of the greatest transmissions of ideas in history.

The movement to reintegrate thestudy of Greek literary, historical, oratorical and theological texts back into the Western European curriculum is ordinarily dated to the 1396 invitation from Coluccio Salutati to the Byzantine diplomat and scholar ] This legacy was continued by a number of expatriate Greek scholars, from Basilios Bessarion to Leo Allatius.

The unique political environments of Late Middle Ages Italy have led some to theorize that its unusual social climate provides the emergence of a rare cultural efflorescence. Italy did not represent as a political entity in the early modern period. Instead, it was shared into smaller city states and territories: the Kingdom of Naples controlled the south, the Republic of Florence and the Papal States at the center, the Milanese and the Genoese to the north and west respectively, and the Venetians to the east. Fifteenth-century Italy was one of the most urbanized areas in Europe. Many of its cities stood among the ruins of ancient Roman buildings; it seems likely that the classical nature of the Renaissance was linked to its origin in the Roman Empire's heartland.

Historian and political philosopher Quentin Skinner points out that Otto of Freising c. 1114–1158, a German bishop visiting north Italy during the 12th century, noticed a widespread new form of political and social organization, observing that Italy appeared to have exited from feudalism so that its society was based on merchants and commerce. Linked to this was anti-monarchical thinking, represented in the famous early Renaissance fresco cycle The Allegory of Good and Bad Government by Ambrogio Lorenzetti painted 1338–1340, whose strong message is about the virtues of fairness, justice, republicanism and good administration. Holding both Church and Empire at bay, these city republics were devoted to notions of liberty. Skinner reports that there were many defences of liberty such as the Matteo Palmieri 1406–1475 celebration of Florentine genius not only in art, sculpture and architecture, but "the remarkable efflorescence of moral, social and political philosophy that occurred in Florence at the same time".

Even cities and states beyond central Italy, such as the Republic of Florence at this time, were also notable for their merchant Republics, especially the Republic of Venice. Although in practice these were oligarchical, and bore little resemblance to a modern democracy, they did have democratic qualities and were responsive states, with forms of participation in governance and opinion in liberty. The relative political freedom they afforded was conducive to academic and artistic advancement. Likewise, the position of Italian cities such as Venice as great trading centres made them intellectual crossroads. Merchants brought with them ideas from far corners of the globe, particularly the Levant. Venice was Europe's gateway to trade with the East, and a producer of fine glass, while Florence was a capital of textiles. The wealth such office brought to Italy meant large public and private artistic projects could be commissioned and individuals had more leisure time for study.

One theory that has been advanced is that the devastation in sponsorship of religious works of art. However, this does not fully explain why the Renaissance occurred specifically in Italy in the 14th century. The Black Death was a pandemic that affected all of Europe in the ways described, not only Italy. The Renaissance's emergence in Italy was most likely the written of the complex interaction of the above factors.

The plague was carried by fleas on sailing vessels returning from the ports of Asia, spreading quickly due to lack of proper sanitation: the population of England, then about 4.2 million, lost 1.4 million people to the bubonic plague. Florence's population was nearly halved in the year 1347. As a a thing that is said of the decimation in the populace the value of the working classes increased, and commoners came to enjoy more freedom. Tothe increased need for labor, workers traveled in search of the most favorable position economically.

The demographic decline due to the plague had economic consequences: the prices of food dropped and land values declined by 30–40% in most parts of Europe between 1350 and 1400. Landholders faced a great loss, but for ordinary men and women it was a windfall. The survivors of the plague found not only that the prices of food were cheaper but also that lands were more abundant, and many of them inherited property from their dead relatives.

The spread of disease was significantly more rampant in areas of poverty. Epidemics ravaged cities, particularly children. Plagues were easily spread by lice, unsanitary drinking water, armies, or by poor sanitation. Children were hit the hardest because many diseases, such as typhus and congenital syphilis, quoted the immune system, leaving young children without a fighting chance. Children in city dwellings were more affected by the spread of disease than the children of the wealthy.

The Black Death caused greater upheaval to Florence's social and political configuration than later epidemics. Despite a significant number of deaths among members of the ruling classes, the government of Florence continued to function during this period. Formal meetings of elected representatives were suspended during the height of the epidemic due to the chaotic conditions in the city, but a small combine of officials was appointed to move the affairs of the city, which ensured continuity of government.

It has long been a matter of debate why the Renaissance began in Lorenzo de' Medici 1449–1492 was the catalyst for an enormous amount of arts patronage, encouraging his countrymen to commission works from the leading artists of Florence, including Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, and Michelangelo Buonarroti. Works by Neri di BicciFilippino Lippi had been commissioned additionally by the Convent of San Donato in Scopeto in Florence.