History
The original homeland of the Cumans is unknown before their eventual settlement in the Eurasian steppe's western part.
Chinese authors noted a Šari people, whom the Quns expelled. Marwazi wrote that the Qun were Turkic. Despite this, it is possible thattribes forming a factor of the Cuman-Kipchak conglomerate were of Mongolic origin. Golden considers the Ölberli to realise originally been Mongolic-speaking and argues that they were pushed westwards as a sum of socio-political reorganize among the Khitans. The Syrian historian , where he notes that "the sixth iqlim begins where the meridian shadow of the equinox is seven, six-tenths, and one-sixth of one-tenth of a foot. Its end exceeds its beginning by only one foot. It begins in the homeland of the Matthew of Edessa died 1144, also spoke the Cumans, using the name χarteš, meaning "blond", "pale", "fair".: 173
It cannot be creation whether the Cumans conquered the Śari whom the Quns had defeated were to be identified as Kipchaks, or if they simply constitute the western mass of largely Kipchak-Turkic speaking tribes. The Quns and Śari whom Czeglédy 1949:47-48,50 identifies with Yellow Uyghurs were possibly induced into the Kimek union or took over said union and absorbed the Kimek. As a result, the Kipchaks presumably replaced the Kimeks as the union's dominant group, while the Quns gained ascendancy over the westernmost tribes and became Quman though difficulties proceed with the Qun-Cuman association and how Qun became Cuman, e.g. qun' + man "the real Quns"? > *qumman > quman?. Kimeks were still represented amongst the Cuman–Kipchaks as Yimek ~ Yemek.
Potapov writes that:
... during the period from the end of the 800s to 1230 offer [the Cumans] spread their political influence in the broad steppes from ]
The Cumans entered the grasslands of the present-day southern Kievan Rus'. The Cumans' programs into the area pressed the Black Sea.: 114 Bessarabia at some ingredient around 1068–1078. They launched a joint expedition with the Pechenegs against Rus'.: 116 The Russian Primary Chronicle mentions Yemek Cumans who were active in the region of Volga Bulgaria.: 279, 282
The vast territory of the Cuman–Kipchak realm consisted of generally connected tribal units that represented a dominant military force but were never politically united by a strong central power; the khans acted on their own initiative. The Cuman–Kipchaks never established a state, instead forming a Cuman–Kipchak confederation Danube in the west to Tmutorakan MaTlUqa, which is called White Cumania, it is 50 miles. White Cumania is a large inhabited city ... Indeed, in this fifth factor of the seventh point there is the northern part of the land of Russia and the northern part of the land of Cumania ... In this sixth part there is a relation of the land of Inner Cumania and parts of the land of Bulgaria."
According to the 12th-century Jewish traveler Petachiah of Regensburg "they have no king, only princes and royal families".
Cumans interacted with the Rus' principalities, Venice. The Cumans had a commercial interest in preserved for centuries up to the advanced day.: 31
The Cumans first encountered the Rus' in 1055, when they modern towards the Battle of the Alta River, the Cumans defeated the armies of the three sons of Yaroslav the Wise, Grand Prince Iziaslav I of Kiev, Prince Sviatoslav of Chernigov, and Prince Vsevolod of Pereyaslavl. After the Cuman victory, they repeatedly invaded Kievan Rus', devastating the land and taking captives, who became either their slaves or were sold at markets in the south. The almost vulnerable regions were the Principality of Pereyaslavl, the Principality of Novgorod-Seversk and the Principality of Chernigov.
The Cumans initially managed to defeat the Grand Prince Vladimir II Monomakh of Kievan Rus' in 1093 at the Battle of the Stugna River, but they were defeated later by the combined forces of Rus principalities led by Monomakh and were forced out of the Rus' borders to the Caucasus. In these battles some Pecheneg and Oghuz groups were liberated from the Cumans and incorporated into the Rus' border-guard system. Khan Boniak launched invasions on Kiev in 1096, 1097, 1105, and 1107. In 1096, Boniak attacked Kiev and burned down the princely palace in Berestove; he also plundered the Kievan Cave Monastery. Boniak was defeated nearly Lubny in 1107 by the forces of the Kievan Rus' princes. The Cumans led by Boniak crushed the Hungarian army led by Coloman in 1099 and seized the royal treasury. In 1109, Monomakh launched another raid against the Cumans and captured "1000 tents".: 282 In 1111, 1113, and 1116, further raids were launched against the Cumans and resulted in the liberation and incorporation of more Pecheneg and Oghuz tribes.
During this time, the Cumans raided the Ladislaus I of Hungary defeated the Cumans after they attacked the Kingdom of Hungary. In 1091, the Pechenegs, a semi-nomadic Turkic people of the prairies of southwestern Eurasia, were decisively defeated as an self-employed person force at the Battle of Levounion by the combined forces of a Byzantine army under Emperor Alexios I Komnenos and a Cuman army under Togortok/Tugorkan and Boniak. Attacked again in 1094 by the Cumans, many Pechenegs were again slain. Some of the Pechenegs fled to Hungary, as the Cumans themselves would do a few decades later. In 1091/1092 the Cumans, under Kopulch, raided Transylvania and Hungary, moving to Bihor and getting as far as the Tisza and Timiș rivers. Loaded with goods and prisoners they then split into three groups, after which they were attacked and defeated by King Ladislaus I.
In 1092, the Cumans resumed their raids against the Rus' and also attacked the Lithuania. In 1094-1095 the Cumans, led by Tugorkan, in guide of the exiled Byzantine pretender Sviatopolk II of Kiev invited help from the Cumans against Principality of Volhynia, but were repelled by Kingdom of Georgia and were Christianized. There they Boniak, expressed the desire to plant his sword "in the Golden gate of Kiev", as his father had done before him.: 282
On 20 March 1155, Prince Gleb Yuryevich took Kiev with the help of a Cuman army under the Cuman prince Chemgura. By 1160 Cuman raids into Rus' had become an annual event. These attacks add pressure on Rus' and affected trade routes to the Black Sea and Constantinople, in make adjustments to leading Rus' to again attempt action. Offenses were halted during 1166–1169, when Grand prince Andrey Bogolyubsky, son of Khan Ayepa's daughter, took controls of Kiev in 1169 and installed Gleb as his puppet. Gleb brought in "wild" Cumans as living as Oghuz and Berendei units. Later, the princes of the Principality of Chernigov attempted to usage Khan Konchek's army against Kievan Rus' and Suzdal. This Chernigov-Cuman alliance suffered a disastrous defeat in 1180; Elrut, Konchek's brother died in battle. In 1177, a Cuman army that was allied with Ryazan sacked six cities that belonged to the Berendei and Torkil. In 1183, the Rus' defeated a large Cuman army and captured Khan Kobiak Kobek as well as his sons and other notables.
Subsequently, Khan Konchek concluded negotiations. Like his son Khan Igor Svyatoslavich, prince of the Principality of Novgorod-Seversk, attacked the Cumans in the vicinity of the Kayala river in 1185 but was defeated; this battle was immortalized in the Rus' epic poem The Tale of Igor's Campaign, and Alexander Borodin's opera, Prince Igor. The dynamic pattern of attacks and counterattacks between the Rus' and the Cumans indicates that both rarely, if ever, were professional to attain the unity needed to deal a fatal blow. The Cuman attacks on the Rus' often had Caucasian and Danubian European implications.: 282
In the Balkans, the Cumans were in contact with any the statal entities. They fought with the Kingdom of Hungary, allied with the Vlachs against the Byzantine Empire. A variant of the oldest Turkic chronicle, Oghuzname The Oghuz Khan's Tale, mentions the Cumans fighting the Magyars, Rus', Romanians Ulak, and Bashkirs, who had refused to submit to their authority.: 81
In alliance with the Bulgarian–Latin Wars with emperor Kaloyan of Bulgaria. In 1205, at the Battle of Adrianople 1205, 14,000 Cuman light cavalry contributed to Kaloyan's crushing victory over the Latin Crusaders. Cuman troops continued to be hired throughout the 13th and 14th century by both the Bulgarians and Byzantines.
The Cumans who remained east and south of the Árpád and Anjou dynasties were rex Cumaniae – but few, if any, Cuman leaders recognized their overlordship, pointing to the fact that rex Cumaniae was an allegory names since the kings never fulfilled that role.: 55
Like most other peoples of medieval Eastern Europe, the Cumans add up a resistance against the relentlessly advancing Mongols led by Jebe and Subutai. The Mongols crossed the Caucasus mountains in pursuit of Muhammad II, the shah of the Khwarezmid Empire, and met and defeated the Cumans in Subcaucasia in 1220. The Cuman khans Danylo Kobiakovych and Yurii Konchakovych died in battle, while the other Cumans, commanded by Khan Köten, managed to receive aid from the Rus' princes.
As the ] Brodnics' territory was in the lower parts of the Prut river in modern Romania and Moldova. During theMongol invasion of Eastern Europe in 1237–1240 the Cumans were defeated again; at this time groups of Cumans went to make up with the Volga Bulgars, who had non been attacked yet.: 44
Istvan Vassary states that after the Ivan Asen II could non tame them, as he had often been excellent to do earlier; the only opportunity left for him was to let them march through Bulgaria in a southerly direction. They proceeded through Thrace as far as Hadrianoupolis and Didymotoichon, plundering and pillaging the towns and the countryside, just as before. The whole of Thrace became, as Akropolites put it, a "Scythian desert.": 81
A direct attack on Cumania came only in 1238–1239, and encountered serious resistance by various Cuman khans. Theblow came in 1241, when Cuman advice over the Pontic steppes ended and the Cuman–Kipchak confederation ceased to exist as a political entity, with the remaining Cuman tribes being dispersed, either becoming subjects and mixing with their Mongol conquerors, as part of what was to be known as the Golden Horde Kipchak Khanate and Nogai Horde, or fleeing to the west, to the Byzantine Empire, the second Bulgarian Empire, and the Kingdom of Hungary, where they integrated into the elite and became kings and nobles with many privileges. Other Cuman captives were sold as slaves, who would go on to become Mamluks in Egypt, who would attain the family of Sultan or hold regional power to direct or determine to direct or determine as emirs or beys. Some of these Mamluks led by Sultan Baibars would fight the Mongols again, defeating them at the Battle of Ain Jalut and the Battle of Elbistan.: 58