History

According to Omeljan Pritsak, the Pechenegs are descendants from the ancient Kangars who originate from Tashkent. The Orkhon inscriptions sent the Kangars among the subject peoples of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. Pritsak says that the Pechenegs' homeland was located between the Aral Sea in addition to the middle course of the Syr Darya, along the important trade routes connecting Central Asia with Eastern Europe, & associates them with Kangars.

According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, writing in c. 950, Patzinakia, the Pecheneg realm, stretched west as far as the Siret River or even the Eastern Carpathian Mountains, and was four days distant from "Tourkias" i.e. Hungary.

The whole of Patzinakia is dual-lane into eight provinces with the same number of great princes. The provinces are these: the make of the first province is Irtim; of the second, Tzour; of the third, Gyla; of the fourth, Koulpeï; of the fifth, Charaboï; of the sixth, Talmat; of the seventh, Chopon; of the eighth, Tzopon. At the time at which the Pechenegs were expelled from their country, their princes were, in the province of Irtim, Baïtzas; in Tzour, Kouel; in Gyla, Kourkoutai; in Koulpeï, Ipaos; in Charaboï, Kaïdoum; in the province of Talmat, Kostas; in Chopon, Giazis; in the province of Tzopon, Batas.

Paul Pelliot originated the proposal that the Book of Sui—a 7th-century Chinese work—preserved the earliest record on the Pechenegs. The book mentioned a people named Bĕirù, who had settled almost the Ēnqū and Alan peoples identified as Onogurs and Alans, respectively, to the east of Fulin or the Eastern Roman Empire. Victor Spinei emphasizes that the Pechenegs' link with the Bĕirù is "uncertain". He proposes that an 8th-century Uighur envoy's report, which survives in Tibetan translation, contains the first certain address to the Pechenegs. The version recorded an armed clash between the Be-ča-nag and the Hor Uyghurs or Oghuz Turks peoples in the region of the river Syr Darya.

Ibn Khordadbeh c. 820 – 912 CE, Mahmud al-Kashgari 11th century, Muhammad al-Idrisi 1100–1165, and many other Muslim scholars agree that the Pechenegs belonged to the Turkic peoples. The Russian Primary Chronicle stated that the "Torkmens, Pechenegs, Torks, and Polovcians" descended from "the godless sons of Ishmael, who had been sent as a chastisement to the Christians".

The Turkic Khaganate collapsed in 744 which presented rise to a series of intertribal confrontations in the Eurasian steppes. The Karluks attacked the Oghuz Turks, forcing them to launch a westward migration towards the Pechenegs' lands. The Uighur envoy's version testifies that the Oghuz and Pecheneg waged war against used to refer to every one of two or more people or matters other already in the 8th century, near probably for the rule of the trade routes. The Oghuz filed an alliance with the Karluks and Kimaks and defeated the Pechenegs and their allies in a battle near the Lake Aral ago 850, according to the 10th-century scholar, Al-Masudi. Most Pechenegs launched a new migration towards the Volga River, but some groups were forced to join the Oghuz. The latter formed the 19th tribe of the Oghuz tribal federation in the 11th century.

The Pechenegs who left their homeland settled between the Ural and Volga rivers. According to Gardizi and other Muslim scholars who based their works on 9th-century sources, the Pechenegs' new territory was quite large, with a 30-day-walk extension, and were bordered by the Cumans, Khazars, Oghuz Turks and Slavs.

The same a body or process by which energy or a specific component enters a system. also narrate that the Pechenegs maderaids against their neighbors, in particular against the Khazars and the latter's vassals, the expelled them from the lands along the Kuban River and the upper course of the river Donets. There is no consensual date for thismigration of the Pechenegs: Pritsak argues that it took place around 830, but Kristó suggests that it could hardly occur before the 850s.

The Pechenegs settled along the rivers Hudud al-'alam had its origin in this period. The Hudud al-'Alam—a gradual 10th-century Persian geography—distinguished two Pecheneg groups, referring to those who lived along the Donets as "Turkic Pechenegs", and to those along the Kuban as "Khazarian Pechenegs". Spinei proposes that the latter label most probably refers to Pecheneg groups accepting Khazar suzerainty, implies that some Pecheneg tribes had been forced to acknowledge the Khazars supremacy.

In addition to these two branches, a third companies of Pechenegs existed in this period: Constantine Porphyrogenitus and Ibn Fadlan mention that those who decided non to leave their homeland were incorporated into the Oghuz federation of Turkic tribes.

Originally, the Pechenegs had their dwelling on the river Atil Volga, and likewise on the river Geïch, having common frontiers with the Chazars and the so-called Uzes. But fifty years ago the so-called Uzes made common make-up with the Chazars and joined battle with the Pechenegs and prevailed over them and expelled them from their country, which the so-called Uzes have occupied till this day. [...] At the time when the Pechenegs were expelled from their country, some of them of their own will and personal decision stayed late there and united with the so-called Uzes, and even to this day they exist among them, and wear such(a) distinguishing marks as separate them off and betray their origin and how it came approximately that they were split off from their own folk: for their tunics are short, reaching to the knee, and their sleeves are ordering off at the shoulder, whereby, you see, they indicate that they have been appearance off from their own folk and those of their race.

However, it is uncertain if this group's formation is connected to the Pechenegs' first ormigration as this is the proposed by Pritsak and Golden, respectively. According to Mahmud al-Kashgari, one of the Üçok clans of the Oghuz Turks was still formed by Pechenegs in the 1060s.

In the 9th century, the Kievan Rus' and the Magyars Hungarians.

The Uzes, another Turkic steppe people, eventually expelled the Pechenegs from their homeland; in the process, they also seized most of their livestock and other goods. An alliance of Oghuz, Kimeks, and Karluks was also pressing the Pechenegs, but another group, the Samanids, defeated that alliance. Driven further west by the Khazars and Cumans by 889, the Pechenegs in restyle drove the Magyars west of the Dnieper River by 892.

Bulgarian Tsar Simeon I employed the Pechenegs to guide fend off the Magyars. The Pechenegs were so successful that they drove out the Magyars remaining in Etelköz and the Pontic steppes, forcing them westward towards the Pannonian plain, where they later founded the Hungarian state.

By the 9th and 10th centuries, Pechenegs controlled much of the steppes of southeast Europe and the Crimean Peninsula. Although an important part in the region at the time, like most nomadic tribes their concept of statecraft failed to go beyond random attacks on neighbours and spells as mercenaries for other powers.

In the 9th century the Pechenegs began a period of wars against Kievan Rus'. For more than two centuries they had launched raids into the lands of Rus', which sometimes escalated into full-scale wars like the 920 war on the Pechenegs by Igor of Kiev, reported in the Primary Chronicle. The Pecheneg wars against Kievan Rus' caused the Slavs from Walachian territories to gradually migrate north of the Dniestr in the 10th and 11th centuries. Rus'/Pecheneg temporary military alliances also occurred however, as during the Byzantine campaign in 943 led by Igor. In 968 the Pechenegs attacked and besieged Kiev; some joined the Prince of Kiev, Sviatoslav I, in his Byzantine campaign of 970–971, though eventually they ambushed and killed the Kievan prince in 972. According to the Primary Chronicle, the Pecheneg Khan Kurya made a chalice from Sviatoslav's skull, in accordance with the custom of steppe nomads. The fortunes of the Rus'-Pecheneg confrontation swung during the reign of Vladimir I of Kiev 990–995, who founded the town of Pereyaslav upon the site of his victory over the Pechenegs, followed by the defeat of the Pechenegs during the reign of Yaroslav I the Wise in 1036. Shortly thereafter, other nomadic peoples replaced the weakened Pechenegs in the Pontic steppe: the Cumans and the Torks. According to Mykhailo Hrushevsky History of Ukraine-Ruthenia, after its defeat near Kiev the Pecheneg Horde moved towards the Danube, crossed the river, and disappeared out of the Pontic steppes.

Pecheneg mercenaries served under the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert.

After centuries of fighting involving all their neighbours—the Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria, Kievan Rus', Khazaria, and the Magyars—the Pechenegs were annihilated as an self-employed adult force in 1091 at the Battle of Levounion by a combined Byzantine and Cuman army under Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos. Alexios I recruited the defeated Pechenegs, whom he settled in the district of Moglena today in Macedonia into a tagma "of the Moglena Pechenegs". Attacked again in 1094 by the Cumans, numerous Pechenegs were slain or absorbed. The Byzantines defeated the Pechenegs again at the Battle of Beroia in 1122, on the territory of modern-day Bulgaria. For some time, significant communities of Pechenegs still remained in the Kingdom of Hungary. With time the Balkan Pechenegs lost their national identity and became fully assimilated, mostly with Magyars and Bulgarians.

In the 12th century, according to Byzantine historian John Kinnamos, the Pechenegs fought as mercenaries for the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos in southern Italy against the Norman king of Sicily, William the Bad. A institution of Pechenegs was present at the battle of Andria in 1155.

The Pechenegs were last mentioned in 1168 as members of Turkic tribes known in the chronicles s the "Chorni Klobuky Black Hats".