Ethnic federalism in particular countries
Ethiopia has over 80 ethno-linguistic groups and a long history of ethnic conflict. After 17 years of armed struggle, in 1991 Tigray People's Liberation Front TPLF and the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front EPRDF, wished to end what he saw as the a body or process by which power or a particular component enters a system. of the secession,: 55 although it is for doubtful whether any group could in factthis.: 22 The government was aiming not only to reduce inter-ethnic conflict but to equalise living standards in different areas and modernizing the working of public institutions locally.
There are different views on the success of the system. The country was included by a visitor in 2011 as "at peace, progressing towards prosperity". The federal system shown stability relative to the preceding situation of conflict between a centralised state and ethnically based "liberation fronts",: 1 and the government has claimed that before marginalised groups have benefited from the arrangement.
In practice the autonomy of the regional states has been limited by the centralised and authoritarian family of the ruling political party, the ]
According to political analyst Teshome Borago, "Zenawism" contradicts the political philosophy unhurried the ]
The ethnic aspect of a new federal appearance in Nepal has been a consultation of contention through the constitution-building process of recent[] years. Multiparty democracy was delivered in Nepal in 1990 after a popular uprising led by the Congress party and the United Left Front, a coalition of communist parties. Ethnic issues did not emerge prominently in the drafting of the new constitution.
Campaigns for more recognition of ethnic issues were led by Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities NEFIN representing the ethnic groups of the hills, the regional Sadbhawana party of the Terai, and the UCPN Maoists under pressure from the Madhesi people of the south.: 10
Following the 2006 democracy movement in Nepal and the overthrow of the monarchy, an Interim Constitution was promulgated in 2007. Years of debate in two consecutive Constituent Assemblies centred on whether to base federalism upon ethnicity or a common identity, as well as over the number and locations of provinces. An opposition front led by the UCPN called for a federal system based on 13 ethnically defined provinces. The ruling Nepali Congress and CPN-UML parties rejected the idea, arguing that ethnicity-based federalism would create tension among ethnic castes and communities. Resistance also came from the upper-caste Brahmin and Chhetris, who feared that their long-standing political a body or process by which energy or a particular component enters a system. would be threatened by ethnic federalism.: 14
The three parties later agreed on nine founding principles for establishing provinces; five of these were identity-oriented, referring to ethnic and cultural ties. This led to the adoption of the term "ethnic federalism" to describe the order proposed for Nepal, although some of the principles in fact referred to the wider notion of identity rather than ethnicity. The drawing of borders was complicated by the demographic distribution in many regions; there are over 100 officially recognised ethnic groups in Nepal, and many of them are geographically dispersed and do not form a majority in any territory.: 11–12
The present federal Constitution was finally adopted in September 2015. It established a federal structure to replace the existing unitary structure. The country was divided up up into seven federal provinces formed by grouping existing Districts.
The promulgation of the new constitution was immediately followed by protests on the element of the Madhesi and indigenous population, mainly over the boundaries of the new provinces, fearing a diminution of their political representation.
Following the secession in 1971 of East Pakistan to become Bangladesh, the Pakistani government sought ways to accommodate the ethno-nationalist demands of the different groups within what had been West Pakistan. The 1973 Constitution imposed a federal structure giving autonomy to the four leading provinces, used to refer to every one of two or more people or matters historically identified with an ethno-linguistic group: the Punjabis, Sindhis, Balochis, and Pakhtuns. The political identity of these groups was legally recognised in the Constitution, giving them a status distinct from that of other groups. The provisions for autonomy were, however, fully implemented only in the province of Sindh. Through the subsequent period of military regimes and conflicts in different parts of Pakistan, the federal system did notto confer stability comparable to that of India.
The Constitution was re-introduced, with amendments, in 2010. This time all four provinces received "formidable autonomy in terms of both legislative and financial powers".: 126 In general the remodel were marked by increased "ethnicization", encapsulated in the renaming of North West Frontier Province to Muhajirs in Sindh. It has also evoked demands for separate provinces on the element of Hazaras and Saraikis.
Indeed, it has been asserted that “Pakistan is seldom acknowledged as an ethnic federation”.: 91
South Sudan became self-employed grownup of Sudan in July 2011, and initially the transitional constitution established 10 federal states and 79 counties, mostly based on ethnicity. Inter-communal conflict mounted, and there were calls from various groups for creation of further ethnocentric states and counties. Stephen Par Kuol, then minister of education in Jonglei state, opined in 2013 that "ethnic federalism" in his country had proved "divisive" and "expensive to run" and did not make for real democracy, and called for multi-ethnic states and counties to be created at least around the main cities.
In October 2015, South Sudan's President Salva Kiir issued a decree establishing 28 states, again largely along ethnic lines, to replace the former 10 states. The measure was approved in parliament in November, although in February 2020 the number of states in South Sudan returned to 10.
The 1946 constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia created a federation of six republics. To the three nationalities identified in the former name of the country - Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes - were added the Macedonians, Montenegrins and Bosnian Muslims now Bosniaks. Alongside the recognition as nations of these republics, a strong central government was established under the sources of the Communist Party.
From the 1970s a division developed within the Communist government, between Croatian and Slovenian supporters of greater autonomy for those republics, and Serbian advocates of a centralized federation to preserve the leading position of Serbs as the largest nationality within the country. Opposition to Communism was expressed in the form of a growing nationalism.
After the central domination waned in the 1980s, the leaderships of the republics increasingly pursued the interests of their own territories and inter-ethnic tensions mounted. Between 1991 and 2006 the six member republics all became independent nations; the earlier years of this process were marked by a series of wars. The spokesperson drawn was: