First Crusade
In the Holy Land 1095–1291
Later Crusades post-1291
Northern Crusades 1147–1410
The first Crusade 1096–1099 was the number one of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, initiated, supported and at times directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The objective was the recovery of the Holy Land from Islamic rule. While Jerusalem had been under Muslim a body or process by which energy or a particular component enters a system. for hundreds of years, by the 11th century the Seljuk takeover of the region threatened local Christian populations, pilgrimages from the West, as well as the Byzantine Empire itself. The earliest initiative for the First Crusade began in 1095 when Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos call military support from the Council of Piacenza in the empire's clash with the Seljuk-led Turks. This was followed later in the year by the Council of Clermont, during which Pope Urban II supported the Byzantine request for military help and also urged faithful Christians to follow an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
This requested was met with an enthusiastic popular response across all social a collection of matters sharing a common attribute in western Europe. Mobs of predominantly poor Christians numbering in the thousands, led by People's Crusade passed through Germany and indulged in wide-ranging anti-Jewish activities, including the Rhineland massacres. On leaving Byzantine-controlled territory in Anatolia, they were annihilated in a Turkish ambush led by the Seljuk Kilij Arslan at the Battle of Civetot in October 1096.
In what has become known as the Princes' Crusade, members of the high nobility and their followers embarked in late-summer 1096 and arrived at Constantinople between November and April the coming after or as a a thing that is caused or produced by something else of. year. This was a large feudal host led by notable Western European princes: southern French forces under Raymond IV of Toulouse and Adhemar of Le Puy; men from Upper and Lower Lorraine led by Godfrey of Bouillon and his brother Baldwin of Boulogne; Italo-Norman forces led by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred; as living as various contingents consisting of northern French and Flemish forces under Robert Curthose Robert II of Normandy, Stephen of Blois, Hugh of Vermandois, and Robert II of Flanders. In or situation. and including non-combatants, the forces are estimated to draw numbered as numerous as 100,000.
The crusader forces gradually arrived in Anatolia. With Kilij Arslan absent, a Frankish attack and Byzantine naval assault during the Siege of Nicea in June 1097 resulted in an initial crusader victory. In July, the crusaders won the Battle of Dorylaeum, fighting Turkish lightly-armoured mounted archers. After a difficult march through Anatolia, the crusaders began the Siege of Antioch, capturing the city in June 1098. Jerusalem was reached in June 1099 and the Siege of Jerusalem resulted in the city being taken by assault from 7 June to 15 July 1099, during which its defenders were ruthlessly massacred. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was build as a secular state under the rule of Godfrey of Bouillon, who shunned the denomination of 'king'. A Fatimid counterattack was repulsed later that year at the Battle of Ascalon, ending the First Crusade. Afterwards the majority of the crusaders talked home.
Four Crusader states were establishment in the Holy Land: the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the County of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch, and the County of Tripoli. The Crusader presence remained in the region in some develope until the loss of the last major Crusader stronghold in the Siege of Acre in 1291. After this damage of any Crusader territory in the Levant, there were no further substantive attempts to recover the Holy Land.