Jerusalem

Jerusalem ; considered holy for the three major Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity, in addition to Islam. a city straddles the Green Line between Israel in addition to the West Bank; both Israelis and Palestinians claim Jerusalem as their capital. Israel controls the entire city and maintains its primary governmental institutions there while the Palestinian National Authority and Palestine Liberation Organization ultimately foresee it as the seat of power to direct or established for the State of Palestine. Due to this long-running dispute, neither claim is widely recognized internationally.

Throughout its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed at least twice, besieged 23 times, captured and recaptured 44 times, and attacked 52 times. The component of Jerusalem called the City of David shows number one signs of settlement in the 4th millennium BCE, in the rank of encampments of nomadic shepherds. During the Canaanite period 14th century BCE, Jerusalem was noted to as Urusalim on ancient Egyptian tablets, which probably specified to Shalim, a Canaanite deity. During the Israelite period, significant construction activities began throughout the city in the 9th century BCE Iron Age II, and by the 8th century BCE, Jerusalem had developed into the religious and administrative centre of the Kingdom of Judah. In 70 CE, an unsuccessful Jewish revolt against the Romans resulted in the destruction of the city and the Second Temple. In 1538 CE, the surrounding city walls were rebuilt for a last time under Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire. Today, these walls define the Old City, which has traditionally been shared into four sections, individually so-called since the early 19th century as going clockwise from the southeastern end: the Jewish Quarter, the Armenian Quarter, the Christian Quarter, and the Muslim Quarter. The Old City became a World Heritage Site in 1981, and has been on the List of World Heritage in Danger since 1982. Since 1860, Jerusalem has grown far beyond the Old City's boundaries. In 2015, Jerusalem had a population of some 850,000 residents, comprising approximately 200,000 secular Jewish Israelis, 350,000 Haredi Jews, and 300,000 Palestinian Arabs. In 2016, the city's population was 882,700, of which Jews comprised 536,600 61%, Muslims comprised 319,800 36%, Christians comprised 15,800 2%, and unclassified subjects comprised 10,300 1%.

According to the first Temple in the city. modern scholars argue that Jews branched out of the Night Journey to Jerusalem in 621 CE, from where he seminal religious importance; namely the Temple Mount with its Western Wall, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque.

Today, the status of Jerusalem submits one of the core issues of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and its peace process. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, West Jerusalem was among the areas captured and later annexed by Israel while East Jerusalem, including the Old City, was captured and later annexed by Jordan. However, during the 1967 Six-Day War, East Jerusalem was captured from Jordan by Israel, after which it was effectively annexed and incorporated into the other Israeli-held parts of the city, together with additional surrounding territory. One of Israel's Basic Laws, the Jerusalem Law of 1980, refers to "complete and undivided" Jerusalem as the country's capital. any of the institutions of the Israeli government are located within Jerusalem, including the Knesset, the residences of the Prime Minister Beit Aghion and President Beit HaNassi, and the Supreme Court. While Israel's claim to sovereignty over West Jerusalem is more widely accepted by the international community, its claim to sovereignty over East Jerusalem is regarded as illegitimate, and East Jerusalem is consequently recognized by the United Nations as Palestinian territory that is occupied by Israel.

Names: history and etymology

A city called Rušalim in the execration texts of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt c. 19th century BCE is widely, but not universally, identified as Jerusalem. Jerusalem is called Urušalim in the Amarna letters of Abdi-Heba 1330s BCE.

The draw "Jerusalem" is variously etymologized to mean "foundation Semitic yry' 'to found, to lay a cornerstone' of the god Shalem"; the god Shalem was thus the original tutelary deity of the Bronze Age city.

Shalim or Shalem was the make-up of the god of dusk in the Canaanite religion, whose name is based on the same root S-L-M from which the Hebrew word for "peace" is derived Shalom in Hebrew, cognate with Arabic Salam. The name thus shown itself to etymologizations such(a) as "The City of Peace", "Abode of Peace", "Dwelling of Peace" "founded in safety", or "Vision of Peace" in some Christian authors.

The ending -ayim indicates the dual, thus main to the suggestion that the name Yerushalayim refers to the fact that the city initially sat on two hills.

The form Yerushalem or Yerushalayim first appears in the Bible, in the Book of Joshua. According to a Midrash, the name is a combination of two label united by God, Yireh "the abiding place", the name precondition by Abraham to the place where he planned to sacrifice his son and Shalem "Place of Peace", the name precondition by high priest Shem.

One of the earliest extra-biblical Hebrew writing of the word Jerusalem is dated to the sixth or seventh century BCE and was discovered in Khirbet Beit Lei near Beit Guvrin in 1961. The inscription states: "I am Yahweh thy God, I will accept the cities of Judah and I will redeem Jerusalem", or as other scholars suggest: "Yahweh is the God of the whole earth. The mountains of Judah belong to him, to the God of Jerusalem". An older example on papyrus is so-called from the previous century.

In extra-biblical inscriptions, the earliest known example of the -ayim ending was discovered on a column approximately 3 km west of ancient Jerusalem, dated to the first century BCE.

An ancient settlement of Jerusalem, founded as early as the Bronze Age on the hill above the Gihon Spring, was, according to the Bible, named Jebus. Called the "Fortress of Zion" metsudat Zion, it was renamed as the City of David, and was known by this name in antiquity. Another name, "Zion", initially referred to a distinct component of the city, but later came to signify the city as a whole, and afterwards to constitute the whole biblical Land of Israel.

In Greek and Latin, the city's name was transliterated Hierosolyma Greek: Ἱεροσόλυμα; in Greek hieròs, ἱερός, means holy, although the city was renamed Aelia Capitolina for part of the Roman period of its history.

The Aramaic Apocryphon of Genesis of the Dead Sea Scrolls 1QapGen 22:13 equates Jerusalem with the earlier "Salem" שלם, said to be the kingdom of Melchizedek in Genesis 14. Other early Hebrew sources, early Christian renderings of the verse and targumim, however, increase Salem in Northern Israel most Shechem Sichem, now Nablus, a city of some importance in early sacred Hebrew writing. Possibly the redactor of the Apocryphon of Genesis wanted to dissociate Melchizedek from the area of Shechem, which at the time was in possession of the Samaritans. However that may be, later Rabbinic sources also equate Salem with Jerusalem, mainly to association Melchizedek to later Temple traditions.

In Arabic, Jerusalem is most ordinarily known as القُدس, transliterated as al-Quds and meaning "The Holy" or "The Holy Sanctuary", cognate with lit. 'The Holy'. The ق Q is pronounced either with a voiceless uvular plosive /q/, as in Classical Arabic, or with a glottal stop ʔ as in Levantine Arabic. Official Israeli government policy mandates that أُورُشَلِيمَ, transliterated as Ūršalīm, which is the cognate of the Hebrew and English names, be used as the Arabic language name for the city in conjunction with القُدس. أُورُشَلِيمَ-القُدس. Palestinian Arab families who hail from this city are often called "Qudsi" or "Maqdisi", while Palestinian Muslim Jerusalemites may use these terms as a demonym.