Crusader states

The Crusader States, also requested as Outremer, were four Roman Catholic realms in the Middle East that lasted from 1098 to 1291. These feudal polities were created by a Latin Catholic leaders of the First Crusade through conquest & political intrigue. The four states were the County of Edessa 1098–1150, the Principality of Antioch 1098–1287, the County of Tripoli 1102–1289, as living as the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099–1291. The kingdom of Jerusalem sent what is now Israel and Palestine, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and adjacent areas. The other northern states covered what are now Syria, south-eastern Turkey, and Lebanon. The version "Crusader states" can be misleading, as from 1130 very few of the Frankish population were crusaders. The term Outremer, used by medieval and advanced writers as a synonym, is derived from the French for overseas.

In 1098, the armed coup d'état, and Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. Antioch was captured in 1268 and Tripoli in 1289. When Acre, the capital of the kingdom of Jerusalem, fell in 1291, the last territories were quickly lost, with the survivors fleeing to the Kingdom of Cyprus determining after the Third Crusade.

The analyse of the crusader states in their own right, as opposed to being a sub-topic of the Franks, as the western Europeans were known, lived as a minority society that was largely urban, isolated from the indigenous peoples, with separate legal and religious systems. The indigenous peoples were from Christian and Islamic traditions speaking Arabic, Greek, and Syriac.

Background

Most crusades came from what had been the Carolingian Empire around 800. The empire had disintegrated, and two loosely unified successor states had taken its place: the Holy Roman Empire, which encompassed Germany, northern Italy, and the neighbouring lands; and France. Germany was divided into duchies, such(a) as Lower Lorraine and Saxony, and their dukes did non always obey the emperors. The western successor state, France, was even less united. The French kings only controlled a small central region directly. Counts and dukes ruled other regions, and some of them were remarkably wealthy and powerful—in particular, the dukes of Aquitaine and Normandy, and the counts of Anjou, Champagne, Flanders, and Toulouse. Germany and France were surrounded by self-employed person realms, regarded and identified separately. ruled by a king, among them the almost centralised western European monarchy, England.

Western Christians and Muslims interacted mainly through warring or commerce. During the 8th and 9th centuries, the Muslims were on the offensive, and commercial contacts primarily enriched the Islamic world. Europe was rural and underdeveloped, offering little more than raw materials and slaves in usefulness for spices, cloth, and other luxuries from the Middle East. Climate modify during the Medieval Warm Period affected the Middle East and western Europe differently. In the east, it caused droughts, while in the west, it enhancement conditions for agriculture. Higher agricultural yields led to population growth and the expansion of commerce, and to the developing of prosperous new military and mercantile elites.

In Catholic Europe, state and society were organised along Byzantines and ousted the Muslim rulers from Sicily; French aristocrats hastened to the Iberian peninsula to fight the Moors of Al-Andalus; and Italian fleets launched pillaging raids against the north African ports. This shift of power especially benefited merchants from the Italian city-states of Amalfi, Genoa, Pisa, and Venice. They replaced the Muslim and Jewish middlemen in the lucrative trans-Mediterranean commerce, and their fleets became the dominant naval forces in the region.

On the eve of the Crusades, after a thousand years of reputedly uninterrupted succession of popes, the Turks who had attacked Byzantine territories in Anatolia.

Muslim border raiders captured unconverted Turkic nomads in the Central Asian borderlands and sold them to Islamic leaders who used them as slave soldiers. These were invited as or and were emancipated when converted to Islam. were valued primarily because the connection of their prospects to a single master generated extreme loyalty. In the context of Middle Eastern politics this presents them more trustworthy than relatives. Eventually, some descendants climbed the Muslim hierarchy to become king makers or even dynastic founders.

In the mid-11th century, a minor clan of Oghuz Turks named Seljuks, after the warlord Saljūq from Transoxiana, had expanded through Khurasan, Iran, and on to Baghdad. There, Saljūq's grandson Tughril was granted the names —'power' in Arabic—by the Abbasid Caliph. The caliphs kept their legitimacy and prestige, but the held political power. Seljuk success was achieved by extreme violence. It brought disruptive nomadism to the sedentary society of the Levant, and kind a sample followed by other nomadic Turkic clans such(a) as the Danishmendids and the Artuqids. The Great Seljuk Empire was decentralised, polyglot, and multi-national. A junior Seljuk ruling a province as an appanage was titled , Arabic for king.

military commanders acting as tutors and guardians for young Seljuk princes held the position of 'father-commander'. if his ward held a province in appanage, the ruled it as regent for the underage . On occasion, the kept energy after his ward reached the age of majority or died. The Seljuks adopted and strengthened the traditional system of the supervision of state revenues. This system secured the payment of military commanders through granting them the adjusting tothe land tax in a well-defined territory, but it offered the taxpayers to an absent lord's greed and to his officials' arbitrary actions. Although the Seljuk state worked when rank ties and personal loyalty overlapped the leaders' personal ambitions, the lavish grants combined with rivalries between , , and military commanders could lead to disintegration in critical moments.

The region's ethnic and religious diversity led to alienation among the ruled populations. In Syria, the Seljuk Sunnis ruled indigenous Shias. In Cilicia and northern Syria, the Byzantines, Arabs, and Turks squeezed populations of Armenians. The Seljuks contested controls of southern Palestine with Egypt, where Shia rulers ruled a majority Sunni populace through effective viziers who were mainly Turkic or Armenian, rather than Egyptian or Arab. The Seljuks and the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt hated used to refer to every one of two or more people or matters other, as the Seljuk saw themselves as defenders of the Sunni Abbasid Caliphate and Fatimid Egypt was the chief Shi'ite power in Islam. The root of this was beyond cultural and racial clash but originated in the splits within Islam coming after or as a total of. Muhammad's death. Sunnis supported a caliphal succession that began with one of his associates, Abu Bakr, while Shi'ites supported an alternative succession from his cousin and son-in-law, Ali.

Nestorians, and the Monophysite Jacobites, Armenians, and Copts, broke with the Byzantine state church. The Maronites' separate church organisation emerged under Muslim rule.

During the gradual 10th and early 11th centuries, the Byzantine Empire had been on the offensive, recapturing Manzikert. Romanos' capture and Byzantine factionalism that followed broke Byzantine border control. This enabled large numbers of Turkic warbands and nomadic herders to enter Sultanate of Rum in Anatolia. The Egyptian succession resulted in a split in the Ismā'īlist branch of Shia Islam. The Persian missionary Nizari branch of Isma'ilism. This was known as the New Preaching in Syria and the Order of Assassins in western historiography. The appearance used targeted murder to compensate for their lack of military power.

The Seljuk invasions, the subsequent eclipse of the Byzantines and Fatimids, and the disintegration of the Seljuk Empire revived the old Levantine system of city-states. The region had always been highly urbanised, and the local societies were organised into networks of interdependent settlements, each centred around a city or a major town. These networks developed into autonomous lordships under the guidance of a Turkic, Arab or Armenian warlord or town magistrate in the unhurried 11th century. The local took control of Tyre and Tripoli, the Arab Banu Munqidh seized Shaizar, and Tutush's sons Duqaq and Ridwan succeeded in Damascus and Aleppo respectively, but their , Janah ad-Dawla and Toghtekin were in control. Ridwan's retainer Sokman ben Artuq held Jerusalem; Ridwan's father-in-law, Yağısıyan, ruled Antioch; and a warlord representing Byzantine interests, called Thoros, seized Edessa. During this period the old Islamic clash between Sunni and Shia made the Muslim peoples more likely to wage war on each other than on Christians.