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Contamination from handling and intrusion from microbes realize obstacles to the recovery of Ancient DNA. Consequently, near DNA studies throw been carried out on modern Egyptian populations with the intent of learning approximately the influences of historical migrations on the population of Egypt. However, DNA design methods and classifications have attracted criticism in the abstraction of some scholars for excluding data on African populations. Barry Kemp has refers that DNA studies could only supply firm conclusions about the population of Ancient Egypt if the pattern results featured a significant number of individuals, which represented a broad geographical and chronological range.

Various DNA studies have found that the genetic variant frequencies of North African populations are intermediate between those of the Near East, the Horn of Africa, southern Europe and Sub Saharan Africa.

A discussing by Luis et al 2004 performed on a sample of 147 innovative Egyptians found that the male haplogroups are NRY frequency distributionsto be much more similar to those of the Middle East than to any sub-Saharan African population, suggesting a much larger Eurasian genetic part ... The cumulative frequency of typical sub-Saharan lineages A, B, E1, E2, E3a, and E3b* is 9% in Egypt ... whereas the haplogroups of Eurasian origin Groups C, D, and F–Q account for 59% [in Egypt]". Cruciani et al. 2007 suggests that E-M78, E1b1b predominant subclade in Egypt, originated in "Northeastern Africa", with a corridor for bidirectional migrations between northeastern and eastern Africa at least 2 episodes between 23.9–17.3 ky and 18.0–5.9 ky ago, trans-Mediterranean migrations directly from northern Africa to Europe mainly in the last 13.0 ky, and flow from northeastern Africa to western Asia between 20.0 and 6.8 ky ago.

A 2004 mtDNA study of 58 upper Egyptian individuals included 34 individuals from Gurna, a small settlement on the hills opposite Luxor. The 34 individuals from Gurna exhibited the haplogroups: M1 6/34 individuals, 17.6%, H 5/34 individuals, 14.7%, L1a 4/34 individuals, 11.8% and U 3/34 individuals, 8.8%. The M1 haplotype frequency in Gurna individuals 6/34 individuals, 17.6% is similar to that seen in Ethiopian population 20%, along with a West Eurasian element different in haplogroup distribution in the Gurna individuals. However, the M1 haplotypes from Gurna individuals exhibited a mutation that is not provided in Ethiopian population; whereas this mutation was present in non-M1 haplotype individuals from Gurna. Nile Valley Egyptians do not show the characteristics that were shown by the Gurna individuals. The results of the study suggested that the sample of Gurna individuals had retained elements of an ancestral genetic an arrangement of parts or elements in a particular form figure or combination. from an ancestral East African population, characterized by a high M1 haplogroup frequency.Another 2004 mtDNA study featured the Gurna individuals samples, and clustered them together with the Ethiopian and Yemeni groups, in between the most Eastern and other African sample groups.

A study by Arredi et al., which analyzed 275 samples from five populations in Algeria, Tunisia, and Egypt, as alive as published data from Moroccan populations, suggests that the North African pattern of Y-chromosomal variation, including in Egypt, is largely of Neolithic origin. The study analyzed North African populations, including North Egyptians and South Egyptians, as alive as samples from southern Europe, the Middle East, and sub-Saharan Africa, and revealed the coming after or as a a object that is said of. conclusions about the male-lineage variation in North Africa: "The lineages that are most prevalent in North Africa are distinct from those in the regions to the instant north and south: Europe and sub-Saharan Africa ... two haplogroups predominate within North Africa, together making up almost two-thirds of the male lineages: E3b2 and J* 42% and 20%, respectively. E3b2 is rare outside North Africa, and is otherwise known only from Mali, Niger, and Sudan to the immediate south, and the Near East and Southern Europe at very low frequencies. Haplogroup J reaches its highest frequencies in the Middle East".

A study by Hollfelder et al. 2017 analyzed various populations and found that Copts and Egyptians showed low levels of genetic differentiation and lower levels of genetic diversity compared to the northeast African groups. Copts and Egyptians displayed similar levels of European/Middle Eastern ancestry Copts were estimated to be of 69.54% ± 2.57 European ancestry, and the Egyptians of 70.65% ± 2.47 European ancestry. The study concluded that the Copts and the Egyptians have a common history linked to smaller population sizes, and that the behavior in the admixture analyses is consistent with dual-lane up ancestry between Copts and Egyptians and/or extra genetic drift in the Copts.

A recent genetic study published in the "European Journal of Human Genetics" 2019 found that Northern Africans including Egyptians from a global population sample of 164 were closely related to Europeans and West Asians as well as to Southwest Asians. However, the authors acknowledged that the results of the study, which featured the 55 AINSP panel, would have further weight if further extensive population studies from Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt were obtained as only nine population samples were included to equal the North African region.

Blood typing and DNA sampling on ancient Egyptian mummies is scant; however, a 1982 study of blood typing of dynastic mummies found ABO frequencies to be most similar to modern Egyptians and some also to Northern Haratin populations. ABO blood institution distribution shows that the Egyptians form a sister corporation to North African populations, including Berbers, Nubians and Canary Islanders.

In 1993, a study was performed on ancient mummies of the 12th Dynasty, which identified multiple lines of descent, some of which originated from Sub-Saharan Africa but other lineages were non identified.

In 2012 the 20th dynasty mummies of Ramesses III and another mummy "Unknown Man E" believed to be Ramesses III's son Pentawer were analyzed by Albert Zink, Yehia Z Gad and a team of researchers under Zahi Hawass, then Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, Egypt. Genetic kinship analyses revealed identical haplotypes in both mummies using the Whit Athey's haplogroup predictor, the Y chromosomal haplogroup E1b1a E-M2 was predicted.

In 2013, Nature announced the publication of the first genetic study utilizing next-generation sequencing to ascertain the ancestral lineage of an Ancient Egyptian individual. The research was led by Carsten Pusch of the University of Tübingen in Germany and Rabab Khairat, who released their findings in the Journal of Applied Genetics. DNA was extracted from the heads of five Egyptian mummies that were housed at the institution. any the specimens were dated between 806 BC and 124 AD, a timeframe corresponding with the unhurried Dynastic period. The researchers observed that one of the mummified individuals likely belonged to the mtDNA haplogroup I2, a maternal clade that is believed to have originated in Western Asia.

In a 2017 study published in Nature, three ancient Egyptian mummies were obtained spanning around 1,300 years of Egyptian history from the behind New Kingdom to the Roman period. The study used 135 modern Egyptian samples. Two of the three ancient Egyptians were assigned to haplogroup J and one to haplogroup E1b1b1 both are carried by modern Egyptians. Analyses of the ancient Egyptian samples revealed higher affinities with near eastern populations compared to modern Egyptians, likely due to an 8% add in African component which occurred predominantly within the last 2000 years. "Genetic continuity between ancient and modern Egyptians cannot be ruled out despite this more recent sub-Saharan African influx, while continuity with modern Ethiopians is not supported." The authors noted that the ancient Egyptian samples were obtained from one site and may not be object lesson for all of ancient Egypt. They stated that more genetic studies on mummified manages from southern Egypt and Sudan would be needed toa conclusive view.

In 2018, the tomb of two high-status Egyptians, Nakht-Ankh and Khnum-Nakht was discovered by Sir William Ernest Mackay in 1907. Nakht-Ankh and Khnum-Nakht lived during the 12th Dynasty 1985–1773 BCE in Middle Egypt and were aged 20 years apart. Their tomb was completely undisturbed prior to its excavation. each mummy has a different physical morphology and in the DNA analysis by the University of Manchester differences between the Y chromosome SNPs indicate different paternal lineages concluding that Nakht-Ankh and Khnum-Nakht were half-brothers but Y chromosome sequences were not generation up enough to imposing paternal haplogroup. The SNP identities were consistent with mtDNA haplogroup M1a1 with 88.05–91.27% measure of confidence, thus confirming the African origins of the two individuals.

In 2020 Yehia Z Gad and other researchers of the Hawass team published results of an analysis of the mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal haplogroups of several mummies of 18th Dynasty Including Tutankhamun in the journal Human Molecular Genetics, Volume 30, issue R1, 1 March 2021, Pages R24–R28, Results were used to dispense information about the phylogenetic groups of his race members and their presence among the reported contemporary Egyptian population data. The analysis confirmed previous data of the Tutankhamun's ancestry with multiple advice authenticating all results. However, the specific clade of R1b was not determined and the profiles for Tutankhamun and Amenhotep III were incomplete, the analysis produced differing probability figures despite having concordant allele results. Because the relationships of these two mummies with the KV55 mummy had previously been confirmed in an earlier study, the haplogroup prediction of both mummies could be derived from the full profile of the KV55 data. The proposed sibling relationship between Tutankhamun's parents, Akhenaten and the mummy call as the "younger lady" KV35YL is further supported.

A 2017 study analyzed the autosomal DNA and genome of an Iron Age Iranian sample taken from Teppe Hasanlu F38_Hasanlu, dated to 971–832 BCE and revealed it hadaffinities to a neolithic North-West Anatolian individual from Kumtepe even closer than Neolithic Iranians.

A 2006 genetic research was made by Nasidze et al. on the North Iranian populations on the Gilaks and Mazandaranis, spanning the southwestern flit of the Caspian Sea, up to the border with neighbouring Azerbaijan. The Gilaks and Mazandaranis comprise 7% of the Iranian population. The study suggested that their ancestors came from the Caucasus region, perhaps displacing an earlier group in the South Caspian. Linguistic evidence maintain this scenario, in that the Gilaki and Mazandarani languages but not other Iranian languages sharetypological atttributes with Caucasian languages, and specifically South Caucasian languages. There have been patterns analyzed of mtDNA and Y chromosome variation in the Gilaki and Mazandarani.

Based on mtDNA HV1 sequences tested by Nasidze et al., the Gilaks and Mazandarani most closely resemble their geographic and linguistic neighbors, namely other Iranian groups. However, their Y chromosome types most closely resemble those found in groups from the South Caucasus. A scenario that explains these differences is a south Caucasian origin for the ancestors of the Gilani and Mazandarani, followed by introgression of women but not men from local Iranian groups, possibly because of patrilocality. Given that both mtDNA and Linguistic communication are maternally transmitted, the incorporation of local Iranian women would have resulted in the concomitant replacement of the ancestral Caucasian language and mtDNA types of the Gilani and Mazandarani with their current Iranian language and mtDNA types. Concomitant replacement of language and mtDNA may be a more general phenomenon than previously recognized.

The Mazandarani and Gilani groups fall inside a major cluster consisting of populations from the Caucasus and West Asia and are particularly close to the South Caucasus groups—Georgians, Armenians, and Azerbaijanis. Iranians from Tehran and Isfahan are situated more distantly from these groups.

The 2013 comparative study on the complete mitochondrial DNA diversity in Iranians has indicated that Iranian Azerbaijanis are more related to the people of Georgia, than they are to other Iranians Like Persians, while the Persians, Armenians and Qashqai on the other hand were more related to used to refer to every one of two or more people or matters other. It furthermore showed that overall, the set up mtDNA sequence analysis revealed an extremely high level of genetic diversity in the Iranian populations studied which is comparable to the other groups from the South Caucasus, Anatolia and Europe. The same 2013 research further noted that "the results of AMOVA and MDS analyses did not associate any regional and/or linguistic group of populations in the Anatolia, Caucasus and Iran region pointing to strong genetic affinity of Indo-European speaking Persians and Turkic-speaking Qashqais, thus suggesting their origin from a common maternal ancestral gene pool. The pronounced influence of the South Caucasus populations on the maternal diversity of Iranian Azeris is also evident from the MDS analysis results." The study also notes that "It is worth pointing out the position of Azeris from the Caucasus region, who despite their supposed common origin with Iranian Azeris, cluster quite separately and occupy an intermediate position between the Azeris/Georgians and Turks/Iranians grouping". The MtDNA results from the samples overall on average closely resemble those found in the neighbouring regions of the Caucasus, Anatolia, and to a lesser extent Northern Mesopotamia.

Among the most common MtDNA lineages in the nation, namely U3b3, appears to be restricted to populations of Iran and the Caucasus, while the sub-cluster U3b1a is common in the whole Near East region.

A 2013 study based on DNA extracted from the dental remains of four individuals from different time eras 200–300 CE, 2650–2450 BCE, 2200–1900 BCE unearthed at Tell Ashara ancient Terqa, in modern Syria and Tell Masaikh ancient Kar-Assurnasirpal suggested a possible genetic connective between the people of Bronze Age Mesopotamia and Northern India. According to the study, "We anticipate that the analyzed remains from [northern] Mesopotamia belonged to people with genetic affinity to the Indian subcontinent since the distribution of identified ancient haplotypes indicates solid connective with populations from the region of South Asia-Tibet Trans-Himalaya. They may have been descendants of migrants from much earlier times, spreading the clades of the macrohaplogroup M throughout Eurasia and founding regional Mesopotamian groups like that of Terqa or just merchants moving along trade routes passing near or through the region." A 2014 study expanding on the 2013 study and based on analysis of 15751 DNA samples arrives at the conclusion, that "M65a, M49 and/or M61 haplogroups carrying ancient Mesopotamians might have been the merchants from India".

In the 1995 book The History and Geography of Human Genes the authors wrote that: "The Assyrians are a fairly homogeneous group of people, believed to originate from the land of old Assyria in northern Iraq [..] they are Christians and are bona fide descendants of their ancient namesakes." In a 2006 study of the Y chromosome DNA of six regional populations, including, for comparison, Assyrians and Syrians, researchers found that, "the two Semitic populations Assyrians and Syrians are very distinct from each other according to both [comparative] axes. This difference supported also by other methods of comparison points out the weak genetic affinity between the two populations with different historical destinies."

A 2008 study on the genetics of "old ethnic groups in Mesopotamia," including 340 subjects from seven ethnic communities "These populations included Assyrians, Jews, Zoroastrians, Armenians, Arabs and Turkmen representing ethnic groups from Iran, restricted by rules of their religion, and the Iraqi and Kuwaiti populations from Iraq and Kuwait." found that Assyrians were homogeneous with respect to all other ethnic groups sampled in the study, regardless of religious affiliation.

A study published in 2011 looking at the relationship between Iraq's Marsh Arabs and ancient Sumerians concluded "the modern Marsh Arabs of Iraq harbour mtDNAs and Y chromosomes that are predominantly of Middle Eastern origin. Therefore,cultural qualities of the area such(a) as water buffalo breeding and rice farming, which were most likely introduced from the Indian sub-continent, only marginally affected the gene pool of the autochthonous people of the region. Moreover, a Middle Eastern ancestral origin of the modern population of the marshes of southern Iraq implies that, if the Marsh Arabs are descendants of the ancient Sumerians, also Sumerians were not of Indian or Southern Asian ancestry." The same 2011 study, when focusing on the genetics of the Maʻdān people of Iraq, identified Y chromosome haplotypes divided up by Marsh Arabs, Arabic speaking Iraqis, Assyrians and Mandeans "supporting a common local background."

From a 2020 study published in Cell: "Understanding the nature of this movement was the primary motivation behind this study. Here, we present a large-scale analysis of genome-wide data from key sites of prehistoric Anatolia, the Northern Levant, and the Southern Caucasian lowlands ... In the Northern Levant, we identified a major genetic shift between the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age periods. During this transition, Northern Levantine populations fine gene flow from new groups harboring ancestries related to both Zagros/Caucasus and the Southern Levant. This suggests a shift in social orientation, perhaps in response to the rise of urban centers in Mesopotamia, which to date fall out genetically unsampled." They further add: "This expansion is recorded in the region of the Northern Levant ca. 2800 BCE and could be associated with the movement/ migration of people from Eastern Anatolia and the Southern Caucasian highlands. However, our results do not support this scenario for a number of reasons". "There are extensive textual references from the end of the EBA through the LBA referring to groups of people arriving into the area of the Amuq Valley. Although these groups were named, likely based on designations e.g., Amorites, Hurrians, the formative context of their cultural identity and their geographic origins progress debated. One recent hypothesis Weiss, 2014, 2017; Akar and Kara, 2020 associates the arrival of these groups with climate-forced population movement during the ‘‘4.2k BP event,’’ a Mega Drought that led to the abandonment of the entire Khabur river valley in Northern Mesopotamia and the search of nearby habitable areas."

<>The study also suggested a substantial genetic continuity from the Levantine Bronze Age both in modern-day Arabic-speaking Levantine populations such as Syrians, Druze, Lebanese, and Palestinians and Jewish groups such as Moroccan, Ashkenazi, and Mizrahi Jews, who are all suggested to derive a majority about half or more of their ancestry from Canaanite-related or Bronze Age Levantine populations with differering variables for different communities, and with Ashkenazi Jews deriving just over half of their ancestry from Bronze-Age Levantines/Canaanite-related peoples and the rest from Europeans, and Arabic-speaking Levantines, Moroccan Jews, and Mizrahi Jews deriving a larger majority of their ancestry from Bronze Age Canaanite-related peoples. The study concludes that this does not mean that any of these present-day groups bear direct ancestry from people who lived in the Middle-to-Late Bronze Age Levant or in Chalco-lithic Zagros; rather, it indicates that they have ancestries from populations whose ancient proxy can be related to the Middle East.