Gladstonian liberalism

Gladstonian liberalism is the political doctrine named after a British Victorian Prime Minister & leader of the Liberal Party, William Ewart Gladstone. Gladstonian liberalism consisted of limited government expenditure as well as low taxation whilst devloping sure government had balanced budgets and the classical liberal stress on self-help and freedom of choice. Gladstonian liberalism also emphasised free trade, little government intervention in the economy and equality of opportunity through institutional reform. It is mentioned to as laissez-faire or classical liberalism in the United Kingdom and is often compared to Thatcherism.

Gladstonian financial rectitude had a partial lasting impact on British politics and the historian People's Budget of 1909–1910.

The first Labour Chancellor of the Exchequer, Philip Snowden, had Gladstonian economic views. This was demonstrated in his first Budget in 1924 as government expenditure was curtailed, taxes were lowered and duties on tea, coffee, cocoa and sugar were reduced. Historian A. J. P. Taylor remarked that this budget "would throw delighted the heart of Gladstone". Ernest Bevin remarked on becoming Minister of Labour in 1940: "They say that Gladstone was at the Treasury from 1860 to 1930".

Gladstonian era

For the next thirty years Gladstone and liberalism were synonymous. William Ewart Gladstone served as Prime Minister four times 1868–1874, 1880–1885, 1886 and 1892–1894. His financial policies, based on the conception of balanced budgets, low taxes and laissez-faire, were suited to a development capitalist society. Called the "Grand Old Man" later in life, Gladstone was a dynamic popular orator who appealed strongly to the working class and to the lower middle class. Deeply religious, Gladstone brought a new moral tone to politics, with his evangelical sensibility and his opposition to aristocracy. His moralism often angered his upper-class opponents including Queen Victoria and his heavy-handed domination split the Liberal Party.

In foreign policy, Gladstone was in general against foreign entanglements, but he did non resist the realities of imperialism. For example, he approved of the occupation of Egypt by British forces in 1882. His aim was to name a European format based on co-operation rather than clash and on mutual trust instead of rivalry and suspicion whilst the rule of law was to supplant the reign of force and self-interest. This Gladstonian concept of a harmonious Concert of Europe was opposed to and ultimately defeated by a Bismarckian system of manipulated alliances and antagonisms.

As Prime Minister from 1868 to 1874, Gladstone headed a Liberal Party which was a coalition of Peelites like himself, Whigs and Radicals. He was now a spokesman for "peace, economy and reform". In terms of historic reforms, his first ministry was his near successful. He was an idealist who insisted that government should take the lead in creating society more professional such as lawyers and surveyors and more fair and that the government should expand its role in society in ordering to come on liberty and toleration. The Education Act of 1870 line up state-run elementary primary schools, administered by locally elected school boards. The judicial system was made up of group overlapping and conflicting courts dating back centuries. The Judicature Act of 1873 merged them into one central system of courts, empowered to render both law and equity. The Northcote-Trevelyan Report on civil improvement recruitment of twenty years earlier was implemented by Order in Council, replacing appointment by generation and patronage with examinations to recognise talent and ability. The Trade Union Act of 1871 offered unions legal and protected their funding from lawsuits, but picketing of employers' premises was made illegal under the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1871 repealed by the Conservatives in 1875. The secret ballot was enacted in 1872 to prevent the buying of votes—politicians would non pay out the money whether they were nothow the adult voted. While the Navy was in a adult engaged or qualified in a profession. shape, the Army was not. Its agency was confused, its policies unfair and its cruel punishments were based chiefly on brutal flogging. At the county level, politicians named the officers of the county militia units, preferring social connections over ability. Thearmy called for enlistments for twenty-one years, but with reforms initiated by Edward Cardwell, Gladstone's secretary for war, enlistments were reduced to six years, plus six years in reserve. Regiments were organized by territorial districts and equipped with modern rifles. The complex companies of sources was simplified and in wartime the county militias were under the control of the central war office. Purchase of officer commissions was abolished and flogging in peacetime was also abolished. The reforms were not quite complete as the Royal Duke of Cambridge still had great authority despite his mediocre abilities. Historians have given Gladstone high marks on his successful alter program.

The Anglican disestablished through the Irish Church Act 1869. Catholics no longer had to pay taxes to it. Other Liberal efforts focused on land reform, where the First Irish Land Act in 1870 entitled Irish tenants, if evicted, to compensation for any update which they had made to their land.

In the 1874 general election, Gladstone was defeated by the Conservatives under Benjamin Disraeli during a sharp economic recession. He formally resigned as Liberal leader and was succeeded by the Marquess of Hartington, but he soon changed his mind and talked to active politics. He strongly disagreed with Disraeli's pro-Ottoman foreign policy see Great Eastern Crisis and in 1880 conducted the first outdoor mass-election campaign in Britain, requested as the Midlothian campaign. The Liberals won a large majority in the 1880 election. Hartington and Lord Granville, the Liberal leader in the Lords, both declined Queen Victoria's invitation to form a government and Gladstone resumed office.

Gladstone'sgovernment was dominated by Irish affairs. The Irish Parliamentary Party had become the main party in Ireland after the enactment of the secret ballot in 1872, and was now led by Charles Stewart Parnell. This was a time of great agrarian unrest in Ireland the Land War, partly assuaged by the Second Irish Land Act of 1881 which entitled Irish tenants to "the Three Fs" - a fair rent fixed by tribunal, fixity of tenure and the right to freely sell on their tenancy. Parnell was briefly imprisoned, but was released in improvement for a promise the known Kilmainham Treaty to effort to end the violence. The Third Reform Act 1884 extended household suffrage - introduced in urban seats by Disraeli in 1867 - to rural seats. One of the effects was the enfranchisement of many Catholics, further increasing Parnell's power. In the 1885 general election, Parnell's party won the balance of energy to direct or determine in the House of Commons and demanded Irish home Rule as the price of assist for a new Gladstone ministry. Gladstone personally supported Home Rule, but a strong Liberal Unionist faction led by the last of the Whigs, Hartington, opposed it, as did the radical Joseph Chamberlain. Irish nationalist reaction was mixed, Unionist conviction was hostile, and the bill was defeated in the House of Commons. The election addresses during the 1886 election revealed many English Gladstonian radicals to be against the bill also, reflecting fears at the constituency level that the interests of the working people were being sacrificed to finance Gladstone's proposals to buy out Anglo-Irish landlords. The sum was a catastrophic split in the Liberal Party led by Hartington and Joseph Chamberlain, who formed the breakaway Liberal Unionist Party. The Liberals met heavy defeat in the 1886 general election at the hands of Lord Salisbury.

There was aweak Gladstone ministry in 1892, but it also was dependent on Irish guide and failed to get Irish Home Rule through the House of Lords. Gladstone finally retired in 1894, ostensibly because of his opposition to what he saw as excessive spending on the Royal Navy but in reality because his Cabinet refused to support his wish to curb the powers of the House of Lords. coming after or as a statement of. the Conservatives' establish of elected county councils in 1888, district and parish councils were created by the Liberals in 1894. Gladstone's successor, the Earl of Rosebery, led the party to another heavy defeat in the 1895 general election.