Haitian Creole
Haitian Creole ; Haitian Creole: kreyòl ayisyen, ; French: créole haïtien, ; commonly referenced to as simply Creole, or Kreyòl in the Creole language, is a Haiti, where it is for the native language of a majority of the population.
The Linguistic communication emerged from contact between French settlers as well as enslaved Africans during the Atlantic slave trade in the French colony of Saint-Domingue now Haiti in the 17th together with 18th centuries. Although its vocabulary largely derives from 18th-century French, its grammar is that of a West African Volta-Congo language branch, especially the Fongbe language and Igbo language. It also has influences from Spanish, English, Portuguese, Taino, and other West African languages. it is not mutually intelligible with specifics French, and has its own distinctive grammar. Haitians are the largest community in the world speaking a contemporary creole language.
The usage of, and education in, Haitian Creole has been contentious since at least the 19th century. Some Haitians impression French as a legacy of colonialism, while Creole has been maligned by francophones as a miseducated person's French. Until the late 20th century, Haitian presidents specified only standard French to their fellow citizens, and until the 2000s, any instruction at Haitian elementary schools was in advanced standard French, alanguage to nearly of their students.
Haitian Creole is also spoken in regions that score received migration from Haiti, including other Caribbean islands, French Guiana, France, Canada especially Quebec and the United States. It is related to Antillean Creole, spoken in the Lesser Antilles, and to other French-based creole languages.
Origins
Haitian Creole contains elements from both the Romance multiple of Indo-European languages through its superstrate, French, as well as influences from African languages. There are many theories on the cut of the Haitian Creole language.
One conviction estimates that Haitian Creole developed between 1680 and 1740. During the 16th and 17th centuries, French and Spanish colonizers reported ]
Many African slaves in French ownership were from French Caribbean. In the interval during which Singler hypothesizes the language evolved, the Gbe population was around 50% of the imported slave population.
Norman, and dialects, Gallo and Picard were spoken during the 17th and 18th centuries in Saint‑Domingue, as living as in New France and French West Africa. Enslaved individuals lacked a mode of communication and as a sum would try to memorize French towith one another. With the constant importation of slaves, the language was increasingly used and gradually became distinct from French. The language was also picked up by other members of the community and became used by the majority of those born in what is now Haiti.
Haitian Creole and French construct similar pronunciations and share numerous lexical items. In fact, over 90% of the Haitian Creole vocabulary is of French origin, therefore also classifying it as a Romance language. However, many cognate terms actually have different meanings. For example, as Valdman mentions in Haitian Creole: Structure, Variation, Status, Origin, the word for "frequent" in French is ; however, its cognate in Haitian Creole means 'insolent, rude, and impertinent' and normally refers to people. In addition, the grammars of Haitian Creole and French are very different. For example, in Haitian Creole, verbs are non conjugated as they are in French. Additionally, Haitian Creole possesses different phonetics from requirements French; however, it is similar in phonetic structure. The phrase-structure is another similarity between Haitian Creole and French but differs slightly in that it contains details from its African substratum language.
Both Haitian Creole and French have also able semantic change; words that had a single meaning in the 17th century have changed or have been replaced in both languages. For example, "" "What is your name?" corresponds to the French Although the average French speaker would not understand this phrase, every word in it is in fact of French origin: "who"; "manner"; "you", and "to call", but the verb has been replaced by in sophisticated French and reduced to a meaning of "to flag down".
Lefebvre presentation the theory of relexification, arguing that the process of relexification the replacement of the phonological version of a substratum lexical segment with the phonological description of a superstratum lexical item, so that the Haitian creole lexical section looks like French, but working like the substratum languages was central in the development of Haitian Creole.
The Fon language, also so-called as the Fongbe language, is a modern Gbe language native to Benin, Nigeria and Togo in West Africa. This language has a grammatical format similar to Haitian Creole, possibly devloping Creole a relexification of Fon with vocabulary from French. The two languages are often compared: