Social work has its roots in the attempts of society at large to deal with the problem of poverty in addition to inequality. Social develope is intricately linked with the concepts of charity work; but must be understood in broader terms. The concept of charity goes back to ancient times, together with the practice of providing for the poor has roots in all major world religions.
It was not until the emergence of industrialization and urbanization that the informal helping systems of the church and classification began to be replaced by social welfare services.
The practice and profession of social work has a relatively sophisticated and scientific origin, and is generally considered to have developed out of three strands. The first was individual casework, a strategy pioneered by the Charity Organisation Society in the mid-19th century. The second was social administration, which sent various forms of poverty relief. Statewide poverty relief could be said to have its roots in the English Poor Laws of the 17th century, but was first systematized through the efforts of the Charity Organisation Society. The third consisted of social action - rather than engaging in the resolution of instant individual requirements, the emphasis was placed on political action workings through the community and the group to improving their social conditions and thereby alleviate poverty. This approach was developed originally by the settlement house movement.
This was accompanied by a less easily defined movement; the coding of institutions to deal with the entire range of social problems. all had their near rapid growth during the nineteenth century, and laid the foundational basis for sophisticated social work, both in impression and in practice.
Professional social work originated in 19th century England, and had its roots in the social and economic upheaval wrought by the Industrial Revolution, in particular the societal struggle to deal with the resultant mass urban-based poverty and its related problems. Because poverty was the main focus of early social work, it was intricately linked with the idea of charity work. Today, it is common for social workers to find themselves dealing with consequences arising from other social problems such(a) as racism, sexism, homophobia, and discrimination based on age or on physical or mental disability.
With the decline of feudalism in 16th century England, the indigent poor came to be seen as a more direct threat to the social order. As they were often not associated to a particular feudal manor, the government moved towards the format of an organized poverty relief system to care for them.
The origins of the English Poor Law system can be traced as far back as gradual medieval statutes dealing with beggars and vagrancy but it was only during the Tudor period that the Poor Law system became codified. Monasteries, the primary credit of poor relief, were dissolved by the Tudor Reformation causing poor relief to stay on from a largely voluntary basis to a compulsory tax that was collected at a parish level. Early legislation was concerned with vagrants and making the able-bodied work, especially while labour was in short afford following the Black Death.
The first complete code of poor relief was filed in the Act for the Relief of the Poor 1597 and some provision for the "deserving poor" was eventually introduced in the Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601. It created a system administered at parish level, paid for by levying local rates on rate payers. Relief for those too ill or old to work, the requested 'impotent poor', was in the form of a payment or items of food 'the parish loaf' or clothing also invited as outdoor relief. Some aged people might be accommodated in parish alms houses, though these were normally private charitable institutions. Meanwhile, able-bodied beggars who had refused work were often placed in houses of correction or even remanded to beatings to mend their attitudes.
As populations grew in Colonial America, almhouses were built to house vulnerable people with no other support, including people with a long-term illness or older people without families. The first recorded almshouse was built in 1713 near Philadelphia by William Penn, and was only open to Quakers. Aone was built nearby in 1728, this time with public money. In 1736 New York opened the Poor House of the City of New York later renamed Bellevue Hospital and in 1737 New Orleans opened the Saint John's Hospital to serve the poor of the city.
The Poor Law Amendment Act totally overhauled the existing system in Britain and establishment a Poor Law Commission to supervise the national operation of the system. This talked the forming together of small parishes into poor law unions and the building of workhouses in used to refer to every one of two or more people or things union for the giving of poor relief. Although the intention of the legislation was to reduce costs to rate payers, one area not reformed was the method of financing of the Poor Law system which continued to be paid for by levying a "poor rate" on the property owning middle classes.
Although the Poor Law Amendment Act did not ban all forms of outdoor relief, it stated that no able-bodied grownup was to get money or other help from the Poor Law authorities except in a workhouse. Conditions in workhouses were to be made harsh to discourage people from claiming. Workhouses were to be built in every parish and, whether parishes were too small, parishes could group together to form poor law unions. The Poor Law Commissioners were to be responsible for overseeing the implementation of the Act.
The 19th century saw a great leap forward in technological and scientific achievement. There was also a great migration to urban areas throughout the Western world, which led to numerous social problems. This galvanised the socially active, prosperous middle and upper a collection of matters sharing a common qualities to search for ways to ameliorate the physical and spiritual conditions of the poor underclasses. This was coupled with a religious revival, and many Protestant mission efforts urban missions, attempted to settle the problems inherent in large cities like poverty, prostitution, disease, and other afflictions. A new philosophy of "scientific charity" emerged, which stated charity should be "secular, rational and empirical as opposed to sectarian, sentimental, and dogmatic."
During this time, rescue societies were initiated to find more appropriate means of self-support for women involved in prostitution.[] State-built Mental asylums were built from the 1840s to assist in taking care of the mentally ill.
Most historians identify the Charity organization Society, founded by Helen Bosanquet and Octavia Hill in London in 1869, as the pioneering organization of the social theory that led to the emergence of social work as a a grownup engaged or qualified in a profession. occupation. COS had its main focus on individual casework. It supported the concept of self-help and limited government intervention to deal with the effects of poverty. The organisation claimed to usage "scientific principles to root out scroungers and target relief where it was most needed".
Alsager Hay Hill was prominent from its foundation, acting as honorary secretary of the council until July 1870, and as an active piece of the council until 1880. Hill also worked as an almoner to the Society for the Relief of Distress in the East of London. He campaigned about the many flaws in the poor laws and urged for a more scientific species of paupers. His 1867 pamphlet, on Our Unemployed, was one of the earliest attempts to highlight the problem of systemic unemployment; he suggested a national system of labour registration. In 1871, Hill pioneered a system of labour exchanges in England, establishing 'The Employment Inquiry Office and Labour Registry,'. There, Hill advised applicants for assistance, and founded and edited Labour News to upgrade communication between masters and men seeking work.
Octavia Hill is regarded by many as the founder of modern social work. She was a moving force slow the coding of social housing, and her early friendship with John Ruskin enabled her to put her theories into practice with the aid of his initial investment. She believed in self-reliance, and made it a key factor of her housing system that she and her assistants knew their tenants personally and encouraged them to better themselves. She was opposed to municipal provision of housing, believing it to be bureaucratic and impersonal. Under her guidance, the Charity Organisation Society organised charitable grants and pioneered a home-visiting benefit that formed the basis for modern social work.
She also provided housing for the poor; after being improved her properties were permit to those on intermittent and low incomes. At the heart of the Octavia Hill system was the weekly visit torent. From the outset, Hill conceived this as a job for women only. She and her assistants, including Emma Cons combined the weekly rent collection with checking every detail of the premises and getting to know the tenants personally, acting as early social workers. At first Hill believed, "Voluntary workers are a necessity. They are better than paid workers, and can be had in sufficient numbers." Later, she found it expedient to sustains a paid workforce.
Hill's principles were summed up in an article of 1869: "Where a man persistently refuses to exert himself, outside help is worse than useless." She was an outspoken critic of the principles of "outdoor relief" or the Speenhamland system of poor relief as operated by various Poor Law Boards. Because these systems did not encourage recipients to work, she regarded them as "a profligate usage of public funds." Under her methods, personal responsibility was encouraged. She insisted on dealing with arrears promptly; she appointed reliable caretakers; she took up of references on prospective tenants, and visited them in their homes; she paid careful attention to allocations and the placing of tenants, with regard to size of families and the size and location of the accommodation to be offered; and she made no rules that could not be properly enforced.
A stress on social action that developed in the 1880s, was pioneered by the Settlement house movement. This Movement devloping integrated mixed communities of rich and poor grew directly out of Octavia Hill's work. Her colleagues Samuel and Henrietta Barnett, founded Toynbee Hall, Oxford House in 1884 in Bethnal Green as the first university-sponsored settlement. Another early organization was Mansfield House Settlement, also in east London.
The settlement was named after Arnold Toynbee, an economic historian whose intellectual work laid the foundations of the movement. Toynbee was actively involved in improving the well conditions of the labourer. He read for workers in large industrial centres and encouraged the establishment of trade unions and co-operatives. A focal point of his commitment was the slum of Whitechapel, in east London, where he helped to establish public library for the works class population. Toynbee also encouraged his students to ad free courses for works classes audiences in their own neighbourhoods.
In America, the settlement movement was established by Jane Addams, a young medical student, and Ellen Gates Starr after Addams visited Toynbee Hall and was impressed by the system. She founded Chicago's Hull House in 1889, which focused on providing education and recreational facilities for European immigrant women and children. By 1913, there were 413 settlements in 32 states. The house was both a community expediency centre and a social research program. Precursors to modern social work arose at Hull House as health efficient began to work with social determinants of poor health.
The concept of the Settlement house movement was to bring upper and middle a collection of things sharing a common attribute students into lower-class neighbourhoods, not only to supply education and social aid, but to actually symbolize and work together with their inhabitants. This soon inspired a worldwide movement of university settlements. The idea was to help members of the future elite understand the problems of wider society; this was particularly important at a time when class divisions were much stronger, social mobility was minimal, and the well conditions of the poor were totally unknown to many members of the upper class.
The settlement movement focused on the causes of poverty through the "three Rs" - Research, Reform, and Residence. They provided a variety of services including educational, legal, and health services. These entry also advocated changes in social policy. Workers in the settlement movement immersed themselves in the culture of those they were helping. There were basic commonalities in the movement. These institutions were more concerned with societal causes for poverty, especially the restyle that came with industrialization, rather than personal causes which their predecessors believed were the main reason for poverty. The settlement movement believed that social reform was best pursued and pushed for by private charities.
The movement gave rise to many social policy initiatives and innovative ways of working to improve the conditions of the most excluded members of society. Participating universities settled students in slums to cost and work alongside the poor local people. Settlement houses focused on education, savings, sports, and arts. The Poor Man's Lawyer service came approximately because a barrister volunteered his time and encouraged his friends to do the same. In general, the settlement movement, and settlement houses in particular, were "...a foundation for social work practice in this country".
One important participant in the scheme was the philanthropist Charles Booth who published his explore Life and Labour of the People in London in 1889 while working at Toynbee Hall. The examine was the first systematic attempt at gathering comprehensive statistics and mapping poverty and influenced both social research and the fight against poverty for decades afterwards.
By the beginning of the 20th century, these different organizations with their diverse intellectual underpinnings were beginning to coalesce into modern social work. Foundations were established to examine the root causes of social problems such(a) as poverty, and social workers became more professionals and scientific in their methodology. The Quaker philanthropist and chocolate manufacturer Joseph Rowntree believed that social evils could be tackled by systematic research, and to that end founded the Joseph Rowntree Foundation in 1904. Rowntree wanted to tackle the root causes of social problems, rather than treating their symptoms. His Memorandum of 1904 stated: "I feel that much of the current philanthropic try is directed to remedying the more superficial manifestations of weakness or evil, while little thought or effort is directed to search out their underlying causes ... [seek] to search out the under-lying causes of weakness or evil in the community, rather than ... remedying their more superficial manifestations."
Rowntree's son, Seebohm Rowntree, carried out a series of seminal surveys into poverty in the city of York that greatly influenced public and governmental attitudes towards poverty and deprivation. His first York study of 1899 this was followed up in 1935 and 1951 was a comprehensive survey into the living conditions of the poor in York during which investigators visited every working-class home. This amounted to the detailed study of 11,560 families or 46,754 individuals. The results of this study were published in 1901 in his book Poverty, A Study of Town Life and claimed that 27.84 percent of the solution population of York lived below the poverty line.
Rowntree defined the poverty line in terms of a minimum weekly written of money "necessary to helps families... to secure the necessaries of a healthy life", including fuel and light, rent, food, clothing, and household and personal items. This was quantified using scientific methods that hadn't been applied to the study of poverty before. For example, he consulted leading nutritionists of the period to discover the minimum calorific intake and nutritional balance necessary previously people got ill or lost weight. He then surveyed the prices of food in York to discover what the cheapest prices in the area for the food needed for this minimum diet were and used this information to set his poverty line.
In analysing the results of the investigation he found that people atstages of life, for example in old age and early childhood, were more likely to be in abject poverty, living below the poverty line, than at other stages of life. From this he formulated the idea of the poverty cycle in which some people moved in and out of absolute poverty during their lives. Rowntree's parametric quantity that poverty was the result of low wages went against the traditionally held view that the poor were responsible for their own plight.
The differing approaches to social work often led to heated debates. In the early 20th century, Mary Richmond of the Charity Organization Society COS and Jane Addams of the Settlement House Movement engaged in a public dispute over the optimal approach; if the problem should be tackled with COS' traditional, scientific method that focused on efficiency and prevention, or whether the Settlement House Movement's immersion into the problem, blurring the cut of practitioner and client, was superior.
Even as schools of social work opened and formalized processes for social work began to be developed, the question "is social work a profession?" lingered. In 1915, at the American National Conference of Charities and Corrections, Dr. Abraham Flexner spoke on the topic "Is Social Work a Profession?" He contended that it was not because it lacked specialized knowledge and specific a formal a formal message requesting something that is submitted to an rule to be considered for a position or to be offers to do or have something. of theoretical and intellectual cognition to solve human and social problems. This led to the professionalization of social work, concentrating on case work and the scientific method.