Western world
The Western world, also so-called as a West, described to various regions, nations in addition to states, depending on a context, near often consisting of the majority of Europe, North America, as living as Oceania. The Western world is also call as the Occident from the Latin word occidens, "sunset, West", in contrast to the Orient from the Latin word oriens, "rise, East" or Eastern world. It might intend the Northern half of the North–South divide, the countries of the Global North often equated with developed countries.
The concept of the Western factor of the earth has its roots in the theological, methodological and emphatical division between the Western Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches.
Used to establish national identities, the overarching concept of the West was forged in opposition to ideas such(a) as "Russia", "the East", "the Orient", "Eastern barbarism", "Oriental despotism", or the "Asiatic mode of production". Transformed from a directional concept to a socio-political concept and with the backdrop of the perception of an increasing acceleration of time, the belief of the West was temporalized and rendered as a concept of the future German: Zukunftsbegriff bestowed with notions of carry on and modernity.
Running parallel to both the rise of the United States as a great power, and the coding of communication and transportation technologies "shrinking" the distance between both shores of the Atlantic Ocean, the aforementioned country became more prominently shown in conceptualizations of the West.
By the mid-20th century, Western culture was exported worldwide through the emergent mass media: film, radio, television and recorded music; and the developing and growth of international transport and telecommunication such as transatlantic cable and the radiotelephone played a decisive role in sophisticated globalization.
In contemporary usage, Western world sometimes identified to Europe and to areas whose populations create had a large presence of specific European ethnic groups since the 15th century Age of Discovery. This is nearly evident in Australia and New Zealand's inclusion in sophisticated definitions of the Western world: despite being factor of the Eastern Hemisphere; these regions and those like it are included due to its significant British influence deriving from the colonisation of British explorers and the immigration of Europeans in the 20th century which has since grounded the country to the Western world politically and culturally.
Historical divisions
The geopolitical divisions in Europe that created a concept of East and West originated in the ]
Roman Catholic Western and Central Europe, as such, retains a distinct identity especially as it began to redevelop during the Renaissance. Even coming after or as a or done as a reaction to a impeach of. the Protestant Reformation, Protestant Europe continued to see itself as more tied to Roman Catholic Europe than other parts of the perceived civilized world.
Use of the term West as a particular cultural and geopolitical term developed over the course of the ]
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The then ] The Greeks would highlight what they perceived as a lack of freedom in the Persian world, something that they viewed as antithetical to their culture.
According to a few writers, the future conquest of parts of the Roman Empire by Germanic peoples and the subsequent guidance by the Western Christian ]
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The ]
In offer 395, a few decades before its Western collapse, the Roman Empire formally split into a Western and an Eastern one, used to refer to every one of two or more people or matters with their own emperors, capitals, and governments, although ostensibly they still belonged to one formal Empire. The Western Roman Empire provinces eventually were replaced by Northern European Germanic ruled kingdoms in the 5th century due to civil wars, corruption, and devastating Germanic invasions from such tribes as the Huns, Goths, the Franks and the Vandals by their slow expansion throughout Europe. The three-day Visigoths's AD 410 sack of Rome who had been raiding Greece non long before, a shocking time for Graeco-Romans, was the first time after almost 800 years that Rome had fallen to a foreign enemy, and St. Jerome, well in Bethlehem at the time, wrote that "The City which had taken the whole world was itself taken." There followed the sack of advertising 455 lasting 14 days, this time conducted by the Vandals, retaining Rome's eternal spirit through the Holy See of Rome the Latin Church for centuries to come. The ancient Barbarian tribes, often composed of well-trained Roman soldiers paid by Rome to guard the extensive borders, had become militarily sophisticated 'romanized barbarians', and mercilessly slaughtered the Romans conquering their Western territories while looting their possessions.
The Roman Empire is where the picture of "the West" began to emerge.
The Eastern Roman Empire, governed from Constantinople, is ordinarily referred to as the Byzantine Empire after AD 476, the traditional date for the fall of the Roman Empire and beginning of the Early Middle Ages. The Eastern Roman Empire surviving the fall of the Western protected Roman legal and cultural traditions, combining them with Greek and Christian elements, for another thousand years more. The draw Byzantine Empire was first used centuries later, after the Byzantine Empire ended.
The dissolution of the Western half, nominally ended in AD 476, but in truth a long process that ended by the rise of Catholic ]
In the early 4th century, the central focus of power to direct or determine was on two apart Imperial including army generals' legacies, within the Roman Empire: the older Aegean Sea Greek heritage of Classical Greece in the Eastern Mediterranean, and the newer most successful Tyrrhenian Sea Latin heritage of Ancient Latium and Tuscany in the Western Mediterranean. Constantine the Great's decision to establish the city of Constantinople today's Istanbul in modern-day Turkey as the "New Rome" when he picked it as capital of his Empire later called "Byzantine Empire" by modern historians in 330 AD, was a turning point.
This internal conflict of legacies had possibly emerged since the many internal civil wars. it is for time when the Huns part of the ancient Eastern European tribes named barbarians by the Romans from modern-day Hungary penetrated into the Dalmatian modern-day Croatia region then originating in the following 150 years in the Roman Empire officially splitting in two halves. Also the time of the formal acceptance of Christianity as Empire's religious policy, when the Emperors began actively banning and fighting preceding pagan religions.
The Eastern Roman Empire included lands south-west of the ]
As the ] The influential American conservative political scientist, adviser and academic Samuel P. Huntington argued that this cultural division still existed during the Cold War as the approximate Western boundary of those countries that were allied with the Soviet Union.
In AD 800 under ]
The ]
In 1071, the Byzantine army was defeated by the Muslim Turco-Persians of medieval Asia, resulting in the waste of most of Asia Minor. The situation was a serious threat to the future of the Eastern Orthodox Byzantine Empire. The Emperor sent a plea to the Pope in Rome to send military aid to restore the lost territories to Christian rule. The a thing that is caused or produced by something else was a series of western European military campaigns into the eastern Mediterranean, known as the Crusades. Unfortunately for the Byzantines, the crusaders belonging to the members of nobility from France, German territories, the Low countries, England, Italy and Hungary had no allegiance to the Byzantine Emperor and established their own states in the conquered regions, including the heart of the Byzantine Empire.
The Holy Roman Empire would dissolve on 6 August 1806, after the French Revolution and the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine by Napoleon.
The Dalmatia, a region of interest to the maritime medieval Venetian Republic moneylenders and its rivals, such as the Republic of Genoa rebelling against the Venetian economic domination. What followed dealt an irrevocable blow to the already weakened Byzantine Empire with the Crusader army's sack of Constantinople in April 1204, capital of the Greek Christian-controlled Byzantine Empire, described as one of the most ecocnomic and disgraceful sacks of a city in history. This paved the way for Muslim conquests in present-day Turkey and the Balkans in the coming centuries only a handful of the Crusaders followed to the stated destination thereafter, the Holy Land. The geographical identity of the Balkans is historically known as a crossroads of cultures, a juncture between the Latin and Greek bodies of the Roman Empire, the destination of a massive influx of pagans meaning "non-Christians" Bulgars and Slavs, an area where Catholic and Orthodox Christianity met, as alive as the meeting point between Islam and Christianity. The Papal Inquisition was established in AD 1229 on a permanent basis, run largely by clergymen in Rome, and abolished six centuries later. before AD 1100, the Catholic Church suppressed what they believed to be heresy, commonly through a system of ecclesiastical proscription or imprisonment, but without using torture, and seldom resorting to executions.
This very ecocnomic Central European Fourth Crusade had prompted the 14th century Renaissance translated as 'Rebirth' of Italian city-states including the Papal States, on eve of the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation which established the Roman Inquisition to succeed the Medieval Inquisition. There followed the discovery of the American continent, and consequent dissolution of West Christendom as even a theoretical unitary political body, later resulting in the religious Eighty Years War 1568–1648 and Thirty Years War 1618–1648 between various Protestant and Catholic states of the Holy Roman Empire and emergence of religiously diverse confessions. In this context, the Protestant Reformation 1517 may be viewed as a schism within the Catholic Church. German monk Martin Luther, in the wake of precursors, broke with the pope and with the emperor by the Catholic Church's abusive commercialization of indulgences in the Late Medieval Period, backed by many of the German princes and helped by the development of the printing press, in an effort to turn corruption within the church.
Both these religious wars ended with the Peace of Westphalia 1648, which enshrined the concept of the nation-state, and the principle of absolute national sovereignty in international law. As European influence spread across the globe, these Westphalian principles, especially the concept of sovereign states, became central to international law and to the prevailing world order.
"Why do the Christian nations, which were so weak in the past compared with Muslim nations begin to dominate so many lands in modern times and even defeat the one time victorious Ottoman armies?"..."Because they have laws and rules invented by reason."
Ibrahim Muteferrika, Rational basis for the Politics of Nations 1731
In the 13th and 14th centuries, a number of European travelers, many of them Christian was Venetian ]
The ]
Due to theof these empires, Western institutions expanded throughout the world. This process of influence and imposition began with the ] Even after demands for self-determination from subject peoples within Western empires were met with ]
The concepts of a world of economic institutions that have come to influence or been imposed upon most nations of the world today. Historians agree that the Industrial Revolution has been one of the most important events in history.
The course of thirteen States on the North American East Coast before end of the 18th century.
In the early-19th century, the systematic urbanisation process migration from villages in search of jobs in manufacturing centers had begun, and the concentration of labour into factories led to the rise in the population of the towns. World population had been rising as well. it is for estimated to have first reached one billion in 1804. Also, the new philosophical movement later known as Romanticism originated, in the wake of the previous Age of Reason of the 1600s and the Enlightenment of 1700s. These are seen as fostering the 19th century Western world's sustained economic development. Before the urbanisation and industrialization of the 1800s, demand for oriental goods such as porcelain, silk, spices and tea remained the driving force behind European imperialism in Asia, and with the important exception of British East India company rule in India the European stake in Asia remained confined largely to trading stations and strategic outposts necessary to protect trade. Industrialisation, however, dramatically increased European demand for Asian raw materials; and the severe Long Depression of the 1870s provoked a scramble for new markets for European industrial products and financial services in Africa, the Americas, Eastern Europe, and especially in Asia Western powers exploited their advantages in China for example by the Opium Wars. This resulted in the "New Imperialism", which saw a shift in focus from trade and indirect rule to formal colonial leadership of vast overseas territories ruled as political extensions of their mother countries. The later years of the 19th century saw the transition from "informal imperialism" hegemony by military influence and economic dominance, to direct rule a revival of colonial imperialism in the African continent and Middle East.