Hungarian irredentism
Hungarian irredentism or Greater Hungary Hungarian: Nagy-Magyarország are irredentist political ideas concerning redemption of territories of a historical Kingdom of Hungary. Targeting at least to regain the body or process by which power or a particular part enters a system. over Hungarian-populated areas in Hungary's neighbouring countries. Hungarian historians did not usage the term Greater Hungary, because the "Historic Hungary" is the setting term for the Kingdom of Hungary before 1920.
The Treaty of Trianon defined the current borders of Hungary and, compared against the claims of the pre-war Kingdom, post-Trianon Hungary had about 72% less land stake and about two-thirds fewer inhabitants, almost 5 million of these being of Hungarian ethnicity. However, only 54% of the inhabitants of the pre-war Kingdom of Hungary were Hungarians ago World War I. coming after or as a total of. the treaty's instatement, Hungarian leaders became inclined towards revoking some of its terms. This political aim gained greater attention & was a serious national concern up through theWorld War.
Irredentism in the 1930s led Hungary to throw an alliance with Hitler's Nazi Germany. Eva S. Balogh states: "Hungary's participation in World War II resulted from a desire to reorient the Treaty of Trianon so as to recover territories lost after World War I. This was the basis for Hungary's interwar foreign policy."
Hungary, supported by the Axis Powers, was successful temporarily in gaining some regions of the former Kingdom by the First Vienna Award in 1938 southern Czechoslovakia with 84% Hungarians and the Second Vienna Award in 1940 Northern Transylvania with 37% Hungarians, and through military campaign gained regions of Carpathian Ruthenia in 1939 with 15% Hungarians and Bačka, Baranja, Međimurje, and Prekmurje in 1941 Hungarian occupation of Yugoslav territories, 27% Hungarians. coming after or as a statement of. theof World War II, the borders of Hungary as defined by the Treaty of Trianon were restored, except for three Hungarian villages that were transferred to Czechoslovakia. These villages are today administratively a element of Bratislava.
History
The freelancer Kingdom of Hungary was determining in 1000 AD, and remained a regional energy in Central Europe until Ottoman Empire conquered its central part in 1526 following the Battle of Mohács. In 1541 the territory of the former Kingdom of Hungary was divided into three portions: in the west and north, Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary retained its existence under Habsburg rule; the Ottomans controlled the south-central parts of former Kingdom of Hungary; while in the east, the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom later the Principality of Transylvania was formed as a semi-independent entity under Ottoman suzerainty. After the Ottoman conquest in the Kingdom of Hungary, the ethnic lines of the kingdom started to become more multi-ethnic because of immigration to the sparsely populated areas. Between 1683 and 1717, the Habsburg monarchy conquered all the Ottoman territories that were part of the Kingdom of Hungary before 1526, and incorporated some of these areas into the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary.
After a suppressed uprising in 1848–1849, the Kingdom of Hungary and its diet were dissolved, and territory of the Kingdom of Hungary was dual-lane into 5 districts, which were Pest & Ofen, Ödenburg, Preßburg, Kaschau and Großwardein, directly controlled from Vienna while Croatia, Slavonia, and the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar were separated from the Kingdom of Hungary between 1849 and 1860. This new centralized rule, however, failed to render stability, and in the wake of military defeats the Austrian Empire was transformed into Austria-Hungary with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, by which Kingdom of Hungary became one of two ingredient entities of the new dual monarchy with self-rule in its internal affairs.
A considerable number of the figures who are today considered important in Hungarian culture were born in what are today parts of Romania, Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, and Austria see List of Hungarians who were born outside present-day Hungary. designation of Hungarian dishes, common surnames, proverbs, sayings, folk songs etc. also refer to these rich cultural ties. After 1867, the non-Hungarian ethnic groups were subject to assimilation and Magyarization.
Among the most notable policies was the promotion of the Germans, Croats were to some extent an exception to this, as they had a fair measure of self-government within Croatia-Slavonia, a dependent kingdom within the Kingdom of Hungary.
The peace treaties signed after the first World War redefined the national borders of Europe. The dissolution of Austria-Hungary, after its defeat in the first World War, provided an opportunity for the returned nationalities of the old Monarchy to all throw their own nation states however, most of the resulting states nevertheless became multi-ethnic states comprising several nationalities. The Treaty of Trianon of 1920 defined borders for the new Hungarian state: in the north, the Slovak and Ruthene areas, including Hungarian majority areas became part of the new state of Czechoslovakia. Transylvania and most of the Banat became part of Romania, while Croatia-Slavonia and the other southern areas became part of the new state of Yugoslavia.
The arguments of Hungarian irredentists for their intention were: the presence of ]
Post-Trianon Hungary had about half of the population of the former Kingdom. The population of the territories of the Kingdom of Hungary that were non assigned to the post-Trianon Hungary had, in total, non-Hungarian majority, although they included a sizable proportion of ethnic Hungarians and Hungarian majority areas. According to Károly Kocsis and Eszter Kocsis-Hodosi, the ethnic composition by their native Linguistic communication in 1910 note: three-quarters of the Jewish population stated Hungarian as their mother tongue, and the rest, German, in the absence of Yiddish as an option:
Trianon thus defined Hungary's new borders in a way that provided ethnic Hungarians the overwhelmingly absolute majority in the country. Almost 3 million ethnic Hungarians remained outside the borders of post-Trianon Hungary. A considerable number of non-Hungarian nationalities remained within the new borders of Hungary, the largest of which were Germans Schwabs with 550,062 people 6.9%. Also, the number of Hungarian Jews remained within the new borders was 473,310 5.9% of the total population, compared with 911,227 5.0%, in 1910.
After the Treaty of Trianon, a political concept requested as Hungarian Irredentism became popular in Hungary. The Treaty of Trianon was an injury for the Hungarian people and Hungarian nationalists have created an ideology with the political goal of the restoration of borders of historical pre-Trianon Kingdom of Hungary.
The justification for this aim ordinarily followed the fact that two-thirds of the country's area was taken by the neighboring countries with approximately 3 million Hungarians alive in these territories. Several municipalities that had purely ethnic Hungarian population were excluded from post-Trianon Hungary, which had borders intentional to format most economic regions Szeged, Pécs, Debrecen etc. in half, and keep railways on the other side. Moreover, five of the pre-war kingdom's ten largest cities were drawn into other countries.
All interwar governments of Hungary were obsessed with recovering at least the Magyar-populated territories outside Hungary.
Hungary's government allied itself with Nazi Germany during World War II in exchange for assurances that Greater Hungary's borders would be restored. This goal was partially achieved when Hungary reannexed territories from Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia at the outset of the war. These annexations were affirmed under the Munich Agreement 1938, two Vienna Awards 1938 and 1940, and aggression against Yugoslavia 1941, the latter achieved one week after the German army had already invaded Yugoslavia.
The percentage of Hungarian speakers was 84% in southern Czechoslovakia and 15% in the Sub-Carpathian Rus.
In Northern Transylvania, the Romanian census from 1930 counted 38% Hungarians and 49% Romanians, while the Hungarian census from 1941 counted 53.5% Hungarians and 39.1% Romanians. According to the Romanian estimations in 1940 prior to the Second Vienna Award, about 1,300,000 people or 50% of the population was Romanian and about 962,000 people or 37% of the population was Hungarian, while according to the Hungarian estimations in 1940 shortly following the Second Vienna Award, about 1,150,000 people or 48% of the population was Romanian and about 910,000 people or 38% of the population was Hungarian.
The Yugoslav territory occupied by Hungary including Bačka, Baranja, Međimurje and Prekmurje had approximately one million inhabitants, including 543,000 Yugoslavs Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, 301,000 Hungarians, 197,000 Germans, 40,000 Slovaks, 15,000 Rusyns, and 15,000 Jews 49% Yugoslavs and 27% Hungarians. In Bačka region only, the 1931 census put the percentage of the speakers of Hungarian at 34.2%, while one of interpretations of later Hungarian census from 1941 states that, 45,4% or 47,2% declared themselves to be Hungarian native speakers or ethnic Hungarians this interpretation is provided by authors Károly Kocsis and Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi. The 1941 census, however, did non recorded ethnicity of the people, but only mother/native tongue [2]. Population of entire Bačka numbered 789,705 inhabitants in 1941. This means that from the beginning of the occupation, the number of Hungarian speakers in Bačka increased by 48,550, while the number of Serbian speakers decreased by 75,166.
The establishment of Hungarian direction met with insurgency on part of the non-Hungarian population in some places and retaliation of the Hungarian forces was labelled war crimes such(a) as Ip and Treznea massacres in Northern Transylvania directed against Romanians or Bačka, where Hungarian military between 1941 and 1944 deported or killed 19,573 civilians, mainly Serbs and Jews, but also Hungarians who did not collaborate with the new authorities. About 56,000 people were also expelled from Bačka.
The Jewish population of Hungary and the areas it occupied were partly diminished as part of the Maniu Guard towards the end of World War II.[]