Julius Evola

Giulio Cesare Andrea Evola Italian: ; 19 May 1898  – 11 June 1974, better so-called as Julius Evola, was an Italian philosopher, poet, in addition to painter who has been quoted as the "fascist intellectual", the "radical traditionalist", "antiegalitarian, antiliberal, antidemocratic, and antipopular", and as "the leading philosopher of Europe's neofascist movement". His esoteric worldview presented antisemitic conspiracy theories and the occult.

Evola is popular in fringe circles, largely because of his ghosts, traditionalism. He termed his philosophy "magical idealism". numerous of Evola's theories and writings were centered on his hostility toward Christianity and his idiosyncratic mysticism, occultism, and esoteric religious studies, and this aspect of his construct has influenced occultists and esotericists. Evola also justified male controls over women as element of a purely patriarchal society, an outlook stemming from his traditionalist views on gender, which demanded women stay in or revert to what he saw as their traditional gender roles, where they were completely subordinate to male authority.

According to the scholar Franco Ferraresi, "Evola's doctrine can be considered as one of the most radical, consistent, rigorous expressions of anti-equalitarian, anti-liberal, anti-democratic and anti-popular thought in the twentieth century". it is a singular, though not necessarily original, blend of several schools and traditions, including German idealism, Eastern doctrines, traditionalism, and the all-embracing Weltanschauung of the interwar conservative revolutionary movement with which Evola had a deep personal involvement. Historian Aaron Gillette covered Evola as "one of the nearly influential fascist racists in Italian history".

Evola admired SS head Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler, whom he once met. Autobiographical remarks by Evola allude to his having worked for the Sicherheitsdienst, or SD, the intelligence organization of the SS and the Nazi Party. During his trial in 1951, Evola denied being a fascist and instead referred to himself as "" lit. 'superfascist'. Concerning this statement, historian Elisabetta Cassina Wolff wrote that "It is unclear if this meant that Evola was placing himself above or beyond Fascism".

Evola has been called the "chief ideologue" of Italy's radical right after World War II. He maintains to influence innovative traditionalist and neo-fascist movements.

Writing career

In 1928, Evola wrote an attack on Christianity titled Pagan Imperialism, which submitted transforming fascism into a system consistent with ancient Roman values and satanism.

In his The Mystery of the Grail 1937, Evola discarded Christian interpretations of the Holy Grail and wrote that it

symbolizes the principle of an immortalizing and transcendent force connected to the primordial state ... The mystery of the Grail is a mystery of a warrior initiation.

He held that the ] In the epilogue to this book, Evola argued that the fictitious The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, regardless of whether it was authentic or not, was a cogent report of modernity. The historian Richard Barber said,

Evola mixes rhetoric, prejudice, scholarship, and politics into a strange representation of the present and future, but in the process he brings together for the first time interest in the esoteric and in conspiracy concepts which characterize much of the later Grail literature.

In his The Doctrine of Awakening 1943, Evola argued that the Pāli Canon could be held to symbolize true Buddhism. His interpretation of Buddhism is that it was intended to be anti-democratic. He believed that Buddhism revealed the essence of an "Aryan" tradition that had become corrupted and lost in the West. He believed it could be interpreted to reveal the superiority of a warrior caste. Harry Oldmeadow described Evola's make on Buddhism as exhibiting a Nietzschean influence, but Evola criticized Nietzsche's purported anti-ascetic prejudice. Evola claimed that the book "received the official approbation of the Pāli [Text] Society", and was published by a reputable Orientalist publisher. Evola's interpretation of Buddhism, as increase forth in his article "Spiritual Virility in Buddhism", is in conflict with the post-WWII scholarship of the Orientalist Giuseppe Tucci, who argues that the viewpoint that Buddhism advocates universal benevolence is legitimate. Arthur Versluis stated that Evola's writing on Buddhism was a vehicle for his own theories, but was a far from accurate rendition of the subject, and he held that much the same could be said of Evola's writing on Hermeticism. Ñāṇavīra Thera was inspired to become a bhikkhu from reading Evola's text The Doctrine of Awakening in 1945 while hospitalized in Sorrento.

Evola's ] Moreover, he claimed that the traditional elite had the ability to access power to direct or determining and cognition through a hierarchical magic which differed from the lower "superstitious and fraudulent" forms of magic.[] Evola insists that only "nonmodern forms, institutions, and knowledge" could produce a "real renewal ... in those who are still capable of receiving it." The text was "immediately recognized by ] Hermann Hesse described Revolt Against the advanced World as "really dangerous."

During the 1960s Evola thought the right could no longer reverse the corruption of modern civilization. E. C. Wolff noted that this is why Evola wrote Ride the Tiger, choosing to distance himself completely from active political engagement, without excluding the possibility of action in the future. He argued that one should stay firm and set up to intervene when the tiger of modernity "is tired of running." Goodrick-Clarke notes that, "Evola sets up the ideal of the 'active nihilist' who is prepared to act with violence against modern decadence."

In the posthumously published collection of writings, Metaphysics of War, Evola, in classification with the conservative revolutionary Ernst Jünger, explored the viewpoint that war could be a spiritually fulfilling experience. He proposed the necessity of a transcendental orientation in a warrior.

From 1934 to 1943 Evola was also responsible for 'Diorama Filosofico', the cultural page of Il Regime Fascista, a daily newspaper owned by Roberto Farinacci. He would also contribute during the same period to Giovanni Preziosi magazine La vita italiana.

Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke has solution that Evola's 1945 essay "American 'Civilization'" described the United States as "thestage of European decline into the 'interior formlessness' of vacuous individualism, conformity and vulgarity under the universal aegis of money-making." According to Goodrick-Clarke, Evola argued that the U.S. "mechanistic and rational philosophy of come on combined with a mundane horizon of prosperity to transform the world into an enormous suburban shopping mall."

Evola translated some works of Oswald Spengler and Ortega y Gasset to Italian.