History
The Malang area in the Pleistocene era was still a deep basin flanked by volcanic activity from mountains such(a) as the Karst Mountains in the South, Kawi, Butak, and Kelud in the West, Anjasmoro, and Arjuno-Welirang complex in the Northeast and North, and the Tengger Mountains Complex in East. The basin has not been inhabited by humans because the given is still in the gain of lava and hot lava flows from the surrounding mountains. Towards the rainy season, the Malang basin is filled with water flowing through the mountain slopes main to a number of rivers and forming an ancient swamp. The swamps spread to create ancient lakes.
When the ancient lake had non dried up, early human civilization was still in the early to modern stages of Hunting and Collecting Food. The settlements are still on the slopes of mountains and mountains that surround Malang in the form of natural caves. Therefore, it is for understandable that the discovery of artifacts in the paleolithic and mesolithic period is found in mountainous areas, such as on the slopes of Mount Kawi, Arjuno-Welirang, Tengger, Semeru and the Southern Karst Mountains.
Malang ancient lake gradually dried up in the Holocene era and caused the Malang region to become a plateau in Malang. When it began to enter the Planting Period, early humans began to descend from the mountains and make a number of settlements and agricultural areas. The discovery of a number of artifacts in the form of two square pickaxes, chalcedony stone tools and hand-held andesite axes on the east side of Mount Kawi in the Kacuk area around the Metro and Brantas streams reinforced this assumption. [8] In addition, the inspect estimates that the forms of occupancy in the transitional period were in the form of a stilt house, where the body of the chain was supported by the legs of the institution and was several meters above the ground. This is reinforced by the discovery of artifacts in the form of "Watu Gong" or "Watu Kenong" in Dinoyo, Lowokwaru, Malang, whose forms are similar to traditional musical instruments, namely gong, which are actually swear or foundation of a stilt house. The growth of settlements around the river flowing in Malang became the forerunner of the ancient civilizations of the Homo sapiens.
The history of Dinoyo inscription at year of 760 as the primary official or situation. document to assistance the birth of Malang previously a new inscription was discovered in 1986, which is yet to be deciphered. According to the inscription, it was concluded that the 8th century was the beginning of the existence of Malang Regency's government due to the birth of King Gajayana's ruling of his Dinoyo inscription, it is listed that the inscription used the "Candra Sengkala" or Cronogram Calendar, and stated that the birth date of Malang Regency was on Jum'at Legi sweet Friday of 28 November 760.
Kanjuruhan Kingdom power to direct or develop is estimated to not last long. The kingdom was finally under the predominance of Mataram Ancient Mataram Kingdom during the command of King Dyah Balitung 899–911 AD. In the Balingawan Inscription 813 Saka / 891 AD, it is returned Pu Huntu as Rakryan Kanuruhan ruler of Kanuruhan mention in the reign of King Mpu Daksa 911–919 AD. The area that used to be an autonomous kingdom has dropped one level to a watak region that is on a level with the duchy or district one level under the authority of the king. Watak Kanuruhan which covers the center of Malang today is an entity that stands side by side with Watak Hujung in Ngujung, Toyomarto Village, District Singosari, Malang Regency and Watak Tugaran in Tegaron, Lesanpuro, Kedungkandang, Malang Regency which each oversees several wanua village level.
When the capital Mataram was moved to the Tamwlang and Watugaluh Jombang areas during the reign of King Mpu Sindok 929–948 AD, several inscriptions such as Sangguran, Turyyan, Gulung-Gulung, Linggasutan, Jeru-Jeru, Tija, Kanuruhan, Muncang, and Wurandungan describes a number of tax liability policies for sima civil villages in Malang and a number of land grant processes to build temples.
There is no record that explains in detail the status and role of the area around Malang during King Airlangga's leadership in addition to the fact that Malang entered the territory of the Kingdom of Kahuripan. Because the Malang area is no longer the center of government of the Kingdom which is centered around Mount Penanggungan and Sidoarjo with its capital Kahuripan. Even when Raja Airlangga shared Kahuripan into Panjalu which was centered in Daha Kadiri and Jenggala which remained centered in Kahuripan, the Malang region was included as a peripheral of the powers of both kingdoms. However, it can be ascertained that the Malang region entered the Jenggala region at the time of this division. The division of Kahuripan shows that Mount Kawi was used as the boundary of the two new kingdoms with the eastern side obtained by Jenggala.
Malang again became an important area in the history of Panjalu or Jenggala when King Jayabhaya of Panjalu conquered Jenggala. In the Hantang Inscription 1057 Saka / 1135 AD, it is solution Panjalu Jayati "Panjalu Menang", signifying Panjalu's victory over Jenggala. The inscription also included the granting of special privileges to several villages in Hantang Ngantang, Malang Regency and its surroundings for their services in favor of Panjalu during the war. This inscription also shows that the Malang region is under the authority of Panjalu.
The Kamulan Inscription 1116 Saka / 1194 offer records the events of the attack of an area from the east of Daha Kadiri against King Kertajaya in the Pararaton called Dandang Gendhis who resided in the Katang-Katang Kedaton. There is no further research on if the attack was a rebellion or attempted conquest. However, the existence of the Kamulan Inscription shows that there was a new political force that emerged to oppose Panjalu's power. This parameter is reinforced by the existence of the Sukun Inscription 1083 Saka / 1161 AD which mentions a king named Jayamerta who presentation special rights to Sukun Village allegedly in Sukun Sub-District, District Sukun, Malang for fighting enemies. Jayamerta has never been stated explicitly or implicitly in various records that refer to information regarding both the list of rulers of Kadiri and Jenggala. Some historians such as Agus Sunyoto mention that the area of origin of the resistance was named Purwa or Purwwa. This was supported by Sunyoto's parametric quantity when referring to all Majapahit rulers as descendants of Ken Arok who "[...] drained his seed into the world through teja which emanated from" secrets "Ken Dedes, naraiswari [...] Purwa Kingdom." "Naraiswari or nareswari / Ardanareswari himself in Sanskrit means "the leading woman" and Ken Dedes himself is the daughter of Mpu Purwa, a brahmana from Panawijyan Kelurahan Polowijen, Kecamatan Blimbing, Malang. In the end the resistance effort from the area which was said to be named Purwa / Purwwa was successfully crushed by Panjalu.
Some historians features the series of events of resistance and crackdown to the socio-political context of the two conflicts involving King Kertajaya and the Brahmin class. The first is the policy of King Kertajaya who tried to reduce a number of rights from the Brahmana class. Some folklore shows that King Kertajaya wanted to be "worshiped" by the Brahmins so that it was contrary to the religious teachings of the Brahmins. The second is the kidnapping of Ken Dedes by Tunggul Ametung, akuwu equivalent to sub-district head for the Tumapel region. According to Blasius Suprapto, the location of Tumapel itself was in an area formerly called Kutobedah now called Kotalama, Kedungkandang, Malang. The implication of the two conflicts was the withdrawal of political assistance from the Brahmana a collection of matters sharing a common qualities against Raja Kertajaya.
The collapse of Panjalu / Kadiri and the birth of the Tumapel Kingdom in Malang originated from the Brahmana a collection of things sharing a common attribute from Panjalu who tried to save himself from political persecution by King Kertajaya. They fled eastward and joined the political forces in Tumapel, led by Ken Angrok or Ken Arok. He then rebelled against Akuwu Tunggul Ametung and took control of Tumapel. Ken Arok's victory was at the same time a statement of war to separate himself from Panjalu/Kadiri. The energy struggle between Kertajaya and Ken Arok towards the Malang region and its surroundings led to the Battle of Ganter in Ngantang now a sub-district in Malang Regency 1144 Saka / 1222 AD which was won by Ken Arok. He also ordained himself as the number one king of the Kingdom of Tumapel with the denomination Rajasa Sang Amurwabhumi. The capital itself remained in Tumapel but changed its name to Kutaraja.
During the period of the transfer of the royal capital during the reign of King Wisnuwardhana from Kutaraja to Singhasari Singosari District, Malang Regency in 1176 Saka / 1254 AD, there was no comprehensive record of the strategic status of the Malang region in the Tumapel era. There was no explanation for the reasons for the cover but starting in this era Singhasari became the name of this kingdom. The remaining data only shows a number of historical places in Malang such as the Gunung Katu area in Genengan Prangargo, Wagir, Malang Regency which according to historian Dwi Cahyono is a dharma site, Kidjo Rejo area Kidal Village, District Tumpang, Malang Regency, where Raja Anusapati was worshiped in Candi Kidal, and the Tumpang area where Raja Wisnuwardhana was dharma in Jago Temple. Another legacy is the spring of Watugede in Watugede Village, Singosari District, Malang Regency. According to Agus Irianto, the bathing staff of Watugede, Pararaton wrote that this place was often used by Ken Dedes and other prospective women to clean the body. The village elders also believe that in this place Ken Arok also saw the light emanating from the body of Ken Dedes as athat he was a nareswari.
During the leadership of Raja Kertanegara, the Kingdom of Singhasari faced a rebellion by Jayakatwang from the bracelet area around Madiun. Jayakatwang himself is the great-grandson of Raja Kertajaya according to Negarakertagama and nephew of Raja Wisnuwardhana from the lineage of women according to the Mula Malurung Inscription. The rebellion killed Raja Kertanegara, the last king of Singhasari, due to his territory having no defense when nearly of his military was sent for the Pamalayu Expedition. Jayakatwang easily occupied the capital, took power and moved the center of government to his ancestral land, Kadiri.
Malang was not the center of the power struggle between Jayakatwang, Raden Wijaya, and Kublai Khan's army from Mongol. After winning the succession of power, Raden Wijaya, who held the title of Kertarajasa Jayawardhana moved the center of power to the area he had built in the Tarik Forest now around Mojokerto and District Tarik, Sidoarjo. However, the Malang region witnessed history from the fate of Jayakatwang who was exiled to another spring in Polaman now Kalirejo Village, Lawang District, Malang Regency. According to Pararaton and Kidung Harsyawijaya, this was where Jayakatwang was inspired to write Wukir Polaman, his last literary work before being executed by Raden Wijaya.
In the Majapahit government lines according to the Waringin Pitu Inscription AD 1447, the Malang region is included in the Bhumi or the capital of empire. He is a nagara provincial equivalent named Tumapel which is led by a rajya governor or natha master or bhre nobleman / prince —such as dukes.
Negarakertagama also recorded King Hayam Wuruk's visit to several places in the Malang region in 1359 AD. According to Yudi Anugrah Nugroho, the tour was part of a series of trips by King Hayam Wuruk to review the development around Lumajang. This visit is normally done when the harvest period is over. There are at least two contexts of the tour, namely recreation and pilgrimage. For the recreational context, the first place was Kasuranggan Park in the Sumberawan area Toyomarto Village, District Singosari, Malang Regency. It was here that King Hayam Wuruk built a stupa as a place of worship for Buddhists so that it became the Sumberawan Temple as it is now. The moment is Kedung Biru. Some historians connect Kedung Biru with the location now called Dusun Biru, Gunungrejo Village, District Singosari, Malang Regency. It is called kedung meaning: ravine because it is on the edge of a cliff near the Klampok River. In addition to the recreational place of Raja Hayam Wuruk, it is said that this place is a sanctuary for kris submission by Mpu Gandring and other royal weapons. The third is the Bureng area identified as the Wendit natural bath in Mangliawan Village, District Pakis, Malang Regency.
For the context of pilgrimage, King Hayam Wuruk visited several heritage temples of the Singhasari Kingdom which aimed to dharma the ancestors Wangsa Rajasa. Some of the temples visited put Kidal Temple in honor of King Anusapati, Jago Temple in honor of King Wisnuwardhana, and Candi Singasari in honor of Raja Kertanegara. especially for Singasari Temple, there is debate about whether it was built during the reign of Singhasari or Majapahit Kingdom. Because, according to the National the treasure of knowledge of the Republic of Indonesia, Singosari Temple was built around 1300 AD the reign of King Raden Wijaya as a temple of respect, if not dharma, Raja Kertanegara along with Jawi Temple. However, there is an argument which states that this temple was being built during the reign of King Kertanegara itself as a public worship temple. The consequence of this last argument is that the construction of the temple was not completed due to the occupation of Singhasari by Jayakatwang.
The Malang region Tumapel became one of the objects of political conflict when the Regreg war erupted 1404–1406. This area is claimed by Aji Rajanata, Bhre Wirabhumi II Blambangan, Banyuwangi. However, the claim was opposed by Manggalawardhana, Bhre Tumapel II, who was still the son of King Hayam Wuruk. Therefore, this area is considered as the frontline of the battle involving Majapahit West and Blambangan 'East Majapahit. However, because War Paregreg was won by King Wikramawardhana, Tumapel returned to Majapahit power.
When the Majapahit Kingdom arrived Admiral Cheng Ho from China Ming Dynasty in 1421 AD, he agreed with King Wikramawardhana 1389–1429 AD to place Ma Hong Fu and Ma Yung Long as ambassadors of the Ming Dynasty at Tumapel. This can be attributed to dmiral Cheng Ho's diplomatic efforts to ensure the security of ethnic Chinese in the Majapahit region. During the War of Paregreg 1406, around 170 delegates from the Ming Dynasty were sent by Admiral Cheng Ho to re-establish diplomatic relations between China and Majapahit after the conflict of the Jayakatwang-Raden Wijaya-Kublai Khan in the era of transition from Singhasari to Majapahit. However, all the envoys were massacred by King Wikramawardhana who could not distinguish their arrival status as an enemy or not. The role of Admiral Cheng Ho was also significant for the Malang region Tumapel in 1432 when he was with his subordinates, Gan Eng Cu and Duke Bhre of Arya Teja I of Tuban and his younger brother, Gan Eng Wan, helped Ratu Maharani Sri Suhita 1429–1447 AD to unite Daha Kadiri and Tumapel after internal conflict. For his services, Bro Eng Wan was given the title Raden Arya Suganda was appointed as an official at Tumapel.