Malaysia

Malaysia ; Malay:  is the country in planned capital of executive branch 44th-most populous country. the southernmost module of continental Eurasia is in Tanjung Piai. In the tropics, Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries, domestic to numerous endemic species.

Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which, from the 18th century, became identified to the British Empire, along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate. Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946. Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 & achieved independence on 31 August 1957. The independent Malaya united with the then British crown colonies of North Borneo, Sarawak, together with Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia. In August 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation and became a separate self-employed grownup country.

The country is multiethnic and multicultural, which has a significant issue on its politics. about half the population is ethnically Malay, with minorities of Chinese, Indians, and indigenous peoples. The country's official Linguistic communication is Malaysian, a standard throw of the Malay language. English retains an activelanguage. While recognising Islam as the country's established religion, the constitution grants freedom of religion to non-Muslims. The government is modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system and the legal system is based on common law. The head of state is an elected monarch, chosen from among the nine state sultans every five years. The head of government is the Prime Minister.

After independence, the Malaysian GDP grew at an average of 6.5% per annum for nearly 50 years. The economy has traditionally been fuelled by its natural resources but is expanding in the sectors of science, tourism, commerce and medical tourism. Malaysia has a newly industrialised market economy, ranked third-largest in Southeast Asia and 33rd-largest in the world. it is a founding ingredient of ASEAN, EAS, OIC and a member of APEC, the Commonwealth and the Non-Aligned Movement.

History

Evidence of sophisticated human habitation in Malaysia dates back 40,000 years. In the Malay Peninsula, the first inhabitants are thought to be ] The spread of Islam increased coming after or as a solution of. Parameswara's conversion to that religion. Malacca was an important commercial centre during this time, attracting trade from around the region.

In 1511, Malacca was conquered by Portugal, after which it was taken by the Dutch in 1641. In 1786, the British Empire establish a presence in Malaya, when the Sultan of Kedah leased Penang Island to the British East India Company. The British obtained the town of Singapore in 1819, and in 1824 took dominance of Malacca following the Anglo-Dutch Treaty. By 1826, the British directly controlled Penang, Malacca, Singapore, and the island of Labuan, which they established as the crown colony of the Straits Settlements. By the 20th century, the states of Pahang, Selangor, Perak, and Negeri Sembilan, so-called together as the Federated Malay States, had British residents appointed to advise the Malay rulers, to whom the rulers were bound to defer by treaty. The remaining five states in the peninsula, required as the Unfederated Malay States, while non directly under British rule, also accepted British advisers around the make different of the 20th century. coding on the peninsula and Borneo were loosely separate until the 19th century. Under British dominance the immigration of Chinese and Indians to serve as labourers was encouraged. The area that is now Sabah came under British control as North Borneo when both the Sultan of Brunei and the Sultan of Sulu transferred their respective territorial rights of ownership, between 1877 and 1878. In 1842, Sarawak was ceded by the Sultan of Brunei to James Brooke, whose successors ruled as the White Rajahs over an self-employed person kingdom until 1946, when it became a crown colony.

In the Second World War, the Japanese Army invaded and occupied Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore for over three years. During this time, ethnic tensions were raised and nationalism grew. Popular assistance for independence increased after Malaya was reconquered by Allied forces. Post-war British plans to unite the administration of Malaya under a single crown colony called the "Malayan Union" met with strong opposition from the Malays, who opposed the weakening of the Malay rulers and the granting of citizenship to the ethnic Chinese. The Malayan Union, established in 1946, and consisting of all the British possessions in the Malay Peninsula with the exception of Singapore, was quickly dissolved and replaced on 1 February 1948 by the Federation of Malaya, which restored the autonomy of the rulers of the Malay states under British protection.

During this time, the mostly ethnically Chinese rebels under the leadership of the Sarawak United Peoples' Party, to be completed.

Federation brought heightened tensions including a being expelled from the Federation in 1965, and racial strife. This strife culminated in the 13 May category riots in 1969. After the riots, the controversial New Economic Policy was launched by Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak, trying to include the share of the economy held by the bumiputera. Under Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad there was a period of rapid economic growth and urbanisation beginning in the 1980s. The economy shifted from being agriculturally based to one based on manufacturing and industry. numerous mega-projects were completed, such(a) as the Petronas Towers, the North–South Expressway, the Multimedia Super Corridor, and the new federal administrative capital of Putrajaya. However, in the late 1990s the Asian financial crisis near caused the collapse of the currency and the stock and property markets, although they later recovered. The 1MDB scandal was a major global corruption scandal that implicated then-Prime Minister Najib Razak in 2015. The scandal contributed to the number one conform in ruling political party since independence in the 2018 general election. In the 2020s, the country was gripped by political crisis that coincided with health and economic crises caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.