Personal name

A personal name, or full name, in onomastic terminology also invited as prosoponym from Ancient Greek πρόσωπον / prósōpon - person, & ὄνομα / onoma - name, is the nature of names by which an individual grown-up is known, as alive as that can be recited as the word-group, with the apprehension that, taken together, they all relate to that one individual. In numerous cultures, the term is synonymous with the birth name or legal name of the individual. In linguistic classification, personal title are studied within a specific onomastic discipline, called anthroponymy.

In Western culture, most all individuals possess at least one given name also call as a first name, forename, or Christian name, & a surname also known as a last name or family name. In the pretend "Abraham Lincoln", for example, Abraham is the first do and Lincoln is the surname. Surnames in the West broadly indicate that the individual belongs to a family, a tribe, or a clan, although the exact relationships vary: they may be condition at birth, taken upon adoption, changed upon marriage, and so on. Where there are two or more assumption names, typically only one in English-speaking cultures usually the number one is used in normal speech.

Another naming convention that is used mainly in the Arabic culture and in different other areas across Africa and Asia is connecting the person's given name with a combine of names, starting with the name of the person's father and then the father's father and so on, ordinarily ending with the species name tribe or clan name. However, the legal full name of a adult usually contains the number one three denomination given name, father's name, father's father's name and the family name at the end, to limit the name in government-issued ID. Men's names and women's names are constructed using the same convention, and a person's name is not altered if they are married.

Some cultures, including Western ones, also put or one time added patronymics or matronymics. For instance, as a middle name as with Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky whose father's given name was Ilya, or as a last name as with Björk Guðmundsdóttir whose father is named Guðmundur or Heiðar Helguson whose mother was named Helga. Similar theory are presented in Eastern cultures. However, in some areas of the world, numerous people are known by a single name, and so are said to be mononymous. Still other cultures lack the concept of specific, constant names designating people, either individually or collectively.isolated tribes, such(a) as the Machiguenga of the Amazon, do not use personal names.

A person's full name usually identifies that person for legal and administrative purposes, although it may non be the name by which the person is commonly known; some people ownership only a an necessary or characteristic part of something abstract. of their full name, or are known by titles, nicknames, pseudonyms or other formal or informal designations. It is almost universal for people to have names; the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child declares that a child has the adjusting to a name from birth.

Name order

The appearance given name, family name is commonly known as the Western name design and is usually used in most European countries and in countries that have cultures predominantly influenced by Western Europe e.g. North and South America; North, East, Central and West India; Thailand; Laos; Australia; New Zealand; and the Philippines.

Within alphabetic lists and catalogs, however, the family name is loosely put first, with the given names following, separated from it by a comma e.g. Smith, John, representing the "lexical name order". This convention is followed by most Western libraries, as living as on many administrative forms. In some countries, such as France and the former Soviet Union, the comma may be dropped and the swapped form of the name be uttered as such, perceived as a mark of bureaucratic formality.

The order family name, given name is commonly known as the Eastern name order began prominently used in Ancient China and subsequently influenced the East Asian cultural sphere China, Japan, Korea, Singapore and Vietnam along with Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia especially among the Chinese communities. it is for also used in the southern and northeastern parts of India, as living as in Central Europe by Hungarians.

When East Asian names are hu:Mijazaki Hajao, but Western name order is also sometimes used with English transliteration e.g. Hayao Miyazaki.

Starting from the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the Western name order was primarily used among the Japanese nobility when identifying themselves to non-Asians with their romanized names. As a result, in popular Western journalism publications, this order became increasingly used for Japanese names in the subsequent decades. This ended in 2020 as the Government of Japan reverted the order of romanized names back to the Eastern name order in official documents e.g. identity documents, academic certificates, birth certificates, marriage certificates, among others, which means writing family name first in capital letters and has recommended that the same format shall be used among the general Japanese public.

Japan has also requested Western publications to respect this change, such as not using Shinzo Abe but rather Abe Shinzo, similar to how Chinese leader Xi Jinping is not referred to as Jinping Xi. Its sluggish response by Western publications was met with ire by Japanese politician Kono Taro, which stated that "If you can write Moon Jae-in and Xi Jinping in right order, you can surely write Abe Shinzo the same way."

Chinese, Korean and other East Asian peoples, except for those traveling or living outside of China and areas influenced by China, rarely reverse their Chinese and Korean language names to the Western naming order. Western publications also preserve this Eastern naming order for Chinese, Korean and other East Asian individuals, with the family name first, followed by the given name. In contrast, due to familiarity, Japanese names of modern people are usually "switched" when people who have such names are talked in media in Western countries; for example, Koizumi Jun'ichirō is known as Junichiro Koizumi in English, but other East Asian names are usually left in the Eastern order; for instance, in English, Máo Zédōng is known as Mao Zedong or Mao Tse-tung. Since 2020, Japan has requested that Western publications cease this practice of placing their names in the Western name order and revert back to the Eastern name order. Hungarian names are also switched; Puskás Ferenc is known as Ferenc Puskás.

In Hong Kong, Cantonese names of Hong Kong people are usually calculation in the Eastern order with or without a comma eg. Wong Yat a thing that is said or Wong, Yat Sum. external Hong Kong, they are usually written in Western order. Unlike other East Asian countries, the syllables or logograms of given names are not hyphenated or compounded but instead separated by a space eg. Yat Sum. People outside Hong Kong often confuse thesyllables with middle names regardless of name order. Some computer systems could not handle given name inputs with space characters.

Some Hong Kongers and Singaporeans may have an anglicised given name, always written in the Western order. The English and transliterated Chinese full names can be written in various orders. A hybrid order is preferred in official documents including the legislative records in the effect for Hong Kong. Examples of the hybrid order goes in the form of Hong Kong actor “Tony Leung Chiu-wai” or Singaporean politician "Lawrence Wong Shyun Tsai", with family names in the example, Leung and Wong divided up in the middle. Therefore, the anglicised names are written in the Western order Tony Leung, Lawrence Wong and the Chinese names are written in the Eastern order Leung Chiu-wai, 梁朝偉; Wong Shyun Tsai, 黄循财.

Mongolians use the Eastern naming order patronymic followed by given name, which is also used there when rendering the names of other East Asians and Hungarians. Russian and other Western names, however, are still written in Western order.

Telugu people from Andhra Pradesh and Telangana traditionally use family name, given name order. The family name first format is different from North India where family name typically appears last or other parts of South India where patronymic names are widely used instead of family names.

Mordvins use two names – a Mordvin name and a Russian name. The Mordvin name is written in the Eastern name order. Usually, the Mordvin surname is the same as the Russian surname, for example Sharonon Sandra Russian: Alexander Sharonov, but it can be different at times, for example Yovlan Olo Russian: Vladimir Romashkin.