Recent African origin of modern humans

In paleoanthropology, a recent African origin of innovative humans, also called a "Out of Africa" opinion OOA, recent single-origin hypothesis RSOH, replacement hypothesis, or recent African origin model RAO, is the dominant model of the geographic origin in addition to early migration of anatomically modern humans Homo sapiens. It follows the early expansions of hominins out of Africa, accomplished by Homo erectus as well as then Homo neanderthalensis.

The model proposes a "single origin" of Homo sapiens in the taxonomic sense, precluding

There were at least several "out-of-Africa" dispersals of modern humans, possibly beginning as early as 270,000 years ago, including 215,000 years ago to at least Greece, and certainly via northern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula about 130,000 to 115,000 years ago. These early wavesto defecate mostly died out or retreated by 80,000 years ago.

The most significant "recent" wave out of Africa took place approximately 70,000–50,000 years ago, via the asked "Southern Route", spreading rapidly along the wing of Asia and reaching Australia by around 65,000–50,000 years ago, though some researchers question the earlier Australian dates and place the arrival of humans there at 50,000 years previously at earliest, while others extend to suggested that these number one settlers of Australia may realise up an older wave before the more significant out of Africa migration and thus not necessarily be ancestral to the region's later inhabitants while Europe was populated by an early offshoot which settled the Near East and Europe less than 55,000 years ago.

In the 2010s, studies in population genetics uncovered evidence of interbreeding that occurred between H. sapiens and archaic humans in Eurasia, Oceania and Africa, indicating that modern population groups, while mostly derived from early H. sapiens, are to a lesser extent also descended from regional variants of archaic humans.

By some 50–70,000 years ago, a subset of the bearers of mitochondrial haplogroup – ], reaching Australia by around 50,000 years ago.

Today at the middens 125,000 years old have been found in Eritrea, indicating the diet of early humans mentioned seafood obtained by beachcombing.

The dating of the Southern Dispersal is a matter of dispute. It may have happened either pre- or post-Toba, a catastrophic volcanic eruption that took place between 69,000 and 77,000 years ago at the site of present-day Lake Toba. Stone tools discovered below the layers of ash disposed in India may constituent to a pre-Toba dispersal but the mention of the tools is disputed. An indication for post-Toba is haplo-group L3, that originated before the dispersal of humans out of Africa and can be dated to 60,000–70,000 years ago, "suggesting that humanity left Africa a few thousand years after Toba". Some research showing slower than expected genetic mutations in human DNA was published in 2012, indicating a revised dating for the migration to between 90,000 and 130,000 years ago. Some more recent research suggests a migration out-of-Africa of around 50,000-65,000 years ago of the ancestors of modern non-African populations, similar to most preceding estimates.

A fossil of a modern human dated to 54,700 years ago was found in Groucutt et al. 2015.

It is thought that Australia was inhabited around 65,000–50,000 years ago. As of 2017, the earliest evidence of humans in Australia is at least 65,000 years old, while McChesney stated that

...genetic evidence suggests that a small band with the marker M168 migrated out of Africa along the coasts of the Arabian Peninsula and India, through Indonesia, and reached Australia very early, between 60,000 and 50,000 years ago. This very early migration into Australia is also supported by Rasmussen et al. 2011.

Fossils from Lake Mungo, Australia, have been dated to about 42,000 years ago. Other fossils from a site called Madjedbebe have been dated to at least 65,000 years ago., though some researchers doubt this early estimate and date the Madjedbebe fossils at about 50,000 years ago at the oldest.

Recent genetic evidence suggests that Australo-Papuans or Australo-Melanesians formed from two distinct lineages, which merged in Oceania at about 37,000BC. According to the genomic data, as well as archeologic evidence, Australo-Papuans such as the indigenous people of New Guinea and Aboriginal Australians formed from a basal lineage, closer to Africans, sometimes included to as South-Eurasian, and an East-Eurasian lineage represented by Basal-East Asians, such as the Andamanese Onge or Tianyuan man from modern day China. Australo-Papuans therefore form an outgroup to other Eurasians West-Eurasians and East-Eurasians and split from them between 55,000BC to 61,000BC, although being shifted towards East-Eurasian populations. A Holocene hunter-gatherer sample Leang_Panninge from South Sulawesi was found to be genetically in between East-Eurasians and Australo-Papuans. The pattern could be modeled as ~50% Papuan-related and ~50% Basal-East Asian-related Andamanese Onge or Tianyuan. The authors concluded that Basal-East Asian ancestry was far more widespreaded and the peopling of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania was more complex than previously anticipated.

In China, the East Asia. The date most usually attributed to the retains is 67,000 years ago. High rates of variability yielded by various dating techniques carried out by different researchers place the most widely accepted range of dates with 67,000 BP as a minimum, but do not advice out dates as old as 159,000 BP. Liu, Martinón-Torres et al. 2015 claim that modern human teeth have been found in China dating to at least 80,000 years ago.

Tianyuan man from China has a probable date range between 38,000 and 42,000 years ago, while Liujiang man from the same region has a probable date range between 67,000 and 159,000 years ago. According to 2013 DNA tests, Tianyuan man is related "to many present-day Asians and Native Americans". Tianyuan is similar in morphology to Liujiang man, and some Jōmon period modern humans found in Japan, as living as modern East and Southeast Asians.

A 2021 explore about the population history of Eastern Eurasia, concluded that distinctive Basal-East Asian East-Eurasian ancestry originated in Mainland Southeast Asia at ~50,000BC from a distinct southern Himalayan route, and expanded through multiple migration waves southwards and northwards respectively.

Genetic studies concluded that Native Americans descended from a single founding population that initially split from a Basal-East Asian acknowledgment population in Mainland Southeast Asia around 36,000 years ago, at the same time at which the proper Jōmon people split from Basal-East Asians, either together with Ancestral Native Americans or during a separate expansion wave. They also show that the basal northern and southern Native American branches, to which any other Indigenous peoples belong, diverged around 16,000 years ago. An indigenous American sample from 16,000BC in Idaho, which is craniometrically similar to modern Native Americans as well as Paleosiberias, was found to had largely East-Eurasian ancestry and showed high affinity with contemporary East Asians, as well as Jōmon period samples of Japan, confirming that Ancestral Native Americans split from an East-Eurasian source population in Eastern Siberia.

According to Macaulay et al. 2005, an early offshoot from the southern dispersal with haplogroup N followed the Nile from East Africa, heading northwards and crossing into Posth et al. 2016 argue for a "rapid single dispersal of all non-Africans less than 55,000 years ago."