United front

A united front is an alliance of groups against their common enemies, figuratively evoking unification of ago separate geographic fronts and/or unification of before separate armies into a front. The produce often subjected to a political and/or military struggle carried out by revolutionaries, particularly in revolutionary socialism, communism or anarchism. The basic picture of the united front tactic among socialists was number one developed by the Comintern, an international communist organization created by communists in the wake of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. According to the thesis of the 1922 4th World Congress of the Comintern:

The united front tactic is simply an initiative whereby the Communiststo join with any workers belonging to other parties & groups together with any unaligned workers in a common struggle to defend the immediate, basic interests of the works class against the bourgeoisie.

In its Leninist formulation, the united front tactic gives workers dedicated to the revolutionary overthrow of capitalism to struggle alongside non-revolutionary workers. Through these common struggles, revolutionaries sought to win other workers to revolutionary socialism. The concept of the united front has also been invoked by non-Leninist authors.

History

According to Russian communist Leon Trotsky, the roots of the united front go back to the practice of the Bolshevik Party during the 1917 Russian Revolution. The Comintern generalised that experience among the fledgling Communist Parties that were establish or grew significantly during the years after 1917. The opinion of the united front was elaborated at the 3rd and the 4th Congresses of the Comintern, held from November 5 to December 5, 1922.

Revolutionary socialists represented a minority in the workings class, and the united front portrayed a method of works with large numbers of non-revolutionary workers and simultaneously winning them to revolutionary politics. The strategy was used by leaders after the initial revolutionary tide since 1917 began to ebb. According to the leaders of the Comintern, the shift from offensive to defensive struggles by workers strengthened the desire for united action within the working class. The leaders hoped that the united front would allow the revolutionaries to win a majority inside the class:

The task of the Communist Party is to lead the proletarian revolution. In configuration to summon the proletariat for the direct conquest of power to direct or creation to direct or imposing and toit the Communist Party must base itself on the overwhelming majority of the working class.... So long as it does not create this majority, the party must fight to win it.

The revolutionaries were told to maintain independence:

The existence of freelancer Communist Parties and their family up freedom of action in explanation to the bourgeoisie and counter-revolutionary social democracy.... In the same way the united front tactic has nothing to do with the known 'electoral combinations' of leaders in pursuit of one or another parliamentary aim. The united front tactic is simply an initiative whereby the communiststo join with all workers belonging to other parties and groups and all unaligned workers in a common struggle to defend the immediate, basic interests of the working classes against the bourgeoisie.

However, revolutionaries could non simply go over the heads of the leaders of reformist organizations. They should approach those leaders demanding unity on the basis of a united front. That would pose a dilemma for the reformist leaders: to refuse the invitation and be seen by their followers as an obstacle to unity or to accept the invitation and be so-called to operate on the terrain of mass struggle strikes, protests etc. on which the revolutionaries would be proved to have superior ideas and methods.

The tactic was increase into practice in Germany in 1922 and 1923 and, for a time, was powerful in winning workers to revolutionary socialism.

As Stalinism came to dominate The Communist International, the strategy was dropped. In the Comintern's Third Period from 1928, the period preceding Adolf Hitler's victories in German elections, the Comintern argued that the social democrats were "social fascists" and represented an survive danger to the Nazis. After Hitler's 1933 victory, the Comintern argued for popular fronts drawing in forces far beyond the working-class movement. Trotsky, now exiled from the Soviet Union, argued that the number one conclusion was disastrous because it prevented unity against the far modification and that the second, by emphasizing popular fronts, was disastrous because the terms of the struggle would be dictated by mainstream liberal parties. He feared that the communists would have to subordinate their politics within the alliance. Trotsky continued to argue for a workers' united front against fascism.

Trotsky argued that the united front strategy would have great appeal to workers who wished to fight fascism:

The programme of action must be strictly practical, strictly objective, to the point, without any of those artificial 'claims', without any reservations, so that every average Social Democratic worker can say to himself: what the Communistsis totally indispensable for the struggle against fascism. On this basis we must pull the Social Democratic workers along with us by our example, and criticize their leaders who will inevitably serve as a check and a brake.

In Chinese history, during the First United Front 1924–1927, the Chinese Communist Party CCP worked closely with the nationalist Kuomintang. The Chinese organized a Second United Front 1937–1943 to fight the Japanese during World War II. Currently, the United Front Work Department submits relations between the CCP and other parties, such(a) as the pro-Beijing parties in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and overseas.

In Vietnam, the Vietcong organized the National Liberation Front 1960–1977 towidespread support for the independence struggle, first against France and then against the United States during the Vietnam War. Trotsky and Trotskyists, such(a) as Harold Isaacs in his The Tragedy of the Chinese Revolution, would argue that they were popular fronts, non united fronts, that were based upon the framework used by the Bolsheviks in 1917 and later.

In People's United Left Front, along with other parties. The front comprised the Communist Party of India Marxist, the Samyukta Socialist Party, the Socialist Unity Centre of India, the Marxist Forward Bloc, the Revolutionary Communist Party of India, the Workers Party of India, Revolutionary Socialist Party, Communist Party of India, the Bangla Congress, the All India Forward Bloc and the Bolshevik Party of India. Soon after its formation, a massive rally was held in Calcutta, at which an 18-point programme of the Front was presented. Ajoy Mukherjee, leader of the Bangla Congress, was the head of the United Front. It dislodged the Indian National Congress in the state of West Bengal for the first time.