Vaisheshika

Vaisheshika or Vaiśeṣika Sanskrit: वैशेषिक is one of a six schools of Indian philosophy Vedic systems from ancient India. In its early stages, a Vaiśeṣika was an independent philosophy with its own metaphysics, epistemology, logic, ethics, as alive as soteriology. Over time, the Vaiśeṣika system became similar in its philosophical procedures, ethical conclusions and soteriology to the Nyāya school of Hinduism, but retained its difference in epistemology and metaphysics.

The epistemology of the Vaiśeṣika school of Hinduism, like Buddhism, accepted only two reliable means to knowledge: perception and inference. the Vaiśeṣika school and Buddhism both consider their respective scriptures as indisputable and valid means to knowledge, the difference being that the scriptures held to be a valid and reliable source by Vaiśeṣikas were the Vedas.

The Vaisheshika school is required for its insights in naturalism. this is the a make-up of atomism in natural philosophy. It postulated that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to paramāṇu atoms, and one's experiences are derived from the interplay of substance a function of atoms, their number and their spatial arrangements, quality, activity, commonness, particularity and inherence. Everything was composed of atoms, qualities emerged from aggregates of atoms, but the aggregation and rank of these atoms was predetermined by cosmic forces. Ajivika metaphysics remanded a conception of atoms which was later adapted in the Vaiśeṣika school.

According to the Vaiśeṣika school, cognition and liberation were achievable by a complete apprehension of the world of experience.

Vaiśeṣika darshana was founded by Kaṇāda Kashyapa around the 6th to 2nd century BC.

Overview

Although the Vaisheshika system developed independently from the Nyaya school of Hinduism, the two became similar and are often studied together. In its classical form, however, the Vaishesika school differed from the Nyaya in one crucial respect: where Nyaya accepted four dominance of valid knowledge, the Vaishesika accepted only two.

The epistemology of Vaiśeṣika school of Hinduism accepted only two reliable means to knowledge – perception and inference.

Vaisheshika espouses a take of atomism, that the reality is composed of five substances examples are earth, water, air, fire, and space. regarded and identified separately. of these five are of two types, explains Ganeri, paramāṇu and composite. A paramāṇu is that which is indestructible, indivisible, and has a special nature of dimension, called “small” aṇu. A composite is that which is divisible into paramāṇu. Whatever human beings perceive is composite, and even the smallest perceptible thing, namely, a fleck of dust, has parts, which are therefore invisible. The Vaiśeṣikas visualized the smallest composite thing as a “triad” tryaṇuka with three parts, each part with a “dyad” dyaṇuka. Vaiśeṣikas believed that a dyad has two parts, regarded and identified separately. of which is an atom. Size, form, truths and everything that human beings experience as a whole is a function of parmanus, their number and their spatial arrangements.

Parama means "most distant, remotest, extreme, last" and aṇu means "atom, very small particle", hence paramāṇu is essentially "the nearly distant or last small i.e. smallest particle".

Vaisheshika postulated that what one experiences is derived from dravya substance: a function of atoms, their number and their spatial arrangements, guna quality, karma activity, samanya commonness, vishesha particularity and samavaya inherence, inseparable connectedness of everything.