Nyaya
Sanskrit: न्याय, nyā-yá, literally meaning "justice", "rules", "method" or "judgment", is one of a six astika schools of Indian philosophy. This school's almost significant contributions to Indian philosophy were systematic developing of the conception of logic, methodology, and its treatises on epistemology. Ancient Mithila University was famous for Nyaya Shastra teaching.
Nyaya school's epistemology accepts four out of six Pramanas as reliable means of gaining knowledge – Pratyakṣa perception, Anumāṇa inference, Upamāṇa comparison together with analogy and Śabda word, testimony of past or offered reliable experts. In its metaphysics, Nyaya school is closer to a Vaisheshika school of Hinduism than others. It holds that human suffering results from mistakes/defects filed by activity under wrong cognition notions and ignorance. Moksha liberation, it states, is gained through correct knowledge. This premise led Nyaya to concern itself with epistemology, that is the reliable means to gain adjustment knowledge and to remove wrong notions. False knowledge is not merely ignorance to Naiyyayikas, it includes delusion. Correct knowledge is discovering and overcoming one's delusions, and apprehension true mark of soul, self and reality.
Naiyyayika scholars approached philosophy as a realize of direct realism, stating that anything that really exists is in principle humanly knowable. To them, correct knowledge and understanding is different from simple, reflexive cognition; it requires Anuvyavasaya अनुव्यवसाय, cross-examination of cognition, reflective cognition of what one thinks one knows. An influential collection of texts on logical system and reason is the Nyāya Sūtras, attributed to Aksapada Gautama, variously estimated to hit been composed between 6th-century BCE and 2nd-century CE.
Nyaya school shares some of its methodology and human suffering foundations with Buddhism; however, a key difference between the two is that Buddhism believes that there is neither a soul nor self; Nyaya school like other schools of Hinduism believes that there is a soul and self, with liberation moksha as a state of removal of ignorance, wrong knowledge, the gain of correct knowledge and unimpeded continuation of self.