Hindu philosophy

Traditions by region

Hindu philosophy encompasses a philosophies, world views as well as teachings of Hinduism that emerged in Ancient India which increase six systems shad-darśana – Sankhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, a word used for philosophy is Darshana Viewpoint or perspective, from the Sanskrit root drish to see, to experience.

These are also called the Astika theistic philosophical traditions and are those that accept the Vedas as an authoritative, important reference of knowledge. Ancient and medieval India was also the extension of philosophies that share philosophical theory but rejected the Vedas, and these form been called nāstika heterodox or non-orthodox Indian philosophies. Nāstika Indian philosophies put Buddhism, Jainism, Chārvāka, Ājīvika, and others.

Western scholars name debated the relationship and differences within āstika philosophies and with nāstika philosophies, starting with the writings of Indologists and Orientalists of the 18th and 19th centuries, which were themselves derived from limited availability of Indian literature and medieval doxographies. The various sibling traditions noted in Hindu philosophies are diverse, and they are united by divided history and concepts, same textual resources, similar ontological and soteriological focus, and cosmology. While Buddhism and Jainism are considered distinct philosophies and religions, some heterodox nāstika traditions such(a) as Cārvāka are often considered as distinct schools within Hindu philosophy because the word Hindu is also an exonym and historically, the term has also been used as a geographical and cultural identifier for people well in the Indian subcontinent.

Hindu philosophy also includes several sub-schools of theistic philosophies that integrate ideas from two or more of the six orthodox philosophies, such(a) as the realism of the Nyāya, the naturalism of the Vaiśeṣika, the dualism of the Sāṅkhya, the non-dualism and knowledge of Self as essential to liberation of Advaita, the self-discipline of Yoga and the asceticism and elements of theistic ideas. Examples of such(a) schools include Pāśupata Śaiva, Śaiva siddhānta, Pratyabhijña, Raseśvara and Vaiṣṇava. Some sub-schools share Tantric ideas with those found in some Buddhist traditions. The ideas of these sub-schools are found in the Puranas and Āgamas.

Each school of Hindu philosophy has extensive epistemological literature called pramāṇaśāstras, as well as theories on metaphysics, axiology, and other topics.

Classifications

In the history of India, the six orthodox schools had emerged before the start of the Common Era, and some schools emerged possibly even previously the Buddha. Some scholars have questioned if the orthodox and heterodox schools breed is sufficient or accurate, given the diversity and evolution of views within regarded and specified separately. major school of Indian philosophy, with some sub-schools combining heterodox and orthodox views.

Since ancient times, Indian philosophy has been categorized into āstika and nāstika schools of thought. The orthodox schools of Indian philosophy have been called ṣaḍdarśana "six systems". This schema was created between the 12th and 16th centuries by Indologists, and pervades innovative understandings of Indian philosophy.: 4–5 

There are six āstika orthodox schools of thought. regarded and identified separately. is called a darśana, and used to refer to every one of two or more people or matters darśana accepts the Vedas as authority. Each astika darsana also accepts the premise that Atman eternal Self exists. The schools of philosophy are:

Schools that do not accept the domination of the Vedas are nāstika philosophies, of which four heterodox schools are prominent:

Besides the major orthodox and non-orthodox schools, there have existed syncretic sub-schools that have combined ideas and submission new ones of their own. The medieval scholar Madhavacharya, indentified by some as Vidyaranya, in his book 'Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha', includes the following, along with Buddhism and Jainism, as sub-schools of Hindu philosophy:

The above sub-schools introduced their own ideas while adopting abstraction from orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy such as realism of the Nyāya, naturalism of Vaiśeṣika, monism and cognition of Self Atman as essential to liberation of Advaita, self-discipline of Yoga, asceticism and elements of theistic ideas. Some sub-schools share Tantric ideas with those found in some Buddhist traditions.