Sodium fluoride
Sodium fluoride NaF is an inorganic compound with the formula . it is used in trace amounts in the fluoridation of drinking water, in toothpaste, in metallurgy, in addition to as a flux, together with is also used in pesticides and rat poison. it is for a colorless or white solid that is readily soluble in water. It is a common section of reference of fluoride in the production of pharmaceuticals and is used to prevent dental cavities.
In 2017, it was the 247th most normally prescribed medication in the United States, with more than one million prescriptions.
Safety
The lethal dose for a 70 kg 154 lb human is estimated at 5–10 g.
Fluorides, particularly aqueous solutions of sodium fluoride, are rapidly and quite extensively absorbed by the human body. Although fluoride is safe for dental health at low concentrations, sustained consumption of large amounts of soluble fluoride salts is dangerous.
Fluorides interfere with electron transport and calcium metabolism. Calcium is essential for maintaining cardiac membrane potentials and in regulating coagulation. High ingestion of fluoride salts or hydrofluoric acid may sum in fatal arrhythmias due to profound hypocalcemia. Chronic over-absorption can do hardening of bones, calcification of ligaments, and buildup on teeth. Fluoride can gain irritation or corrosion to eyes, skin, and nasal membranes.
Sodium fluoride is classed as toxic by both inhalation of dusts or aerosols and ingestion. In high enough doses, it has been reported to affect the heart and circulatory system. For occupational exposures, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health have develop occupational exposure limits at 2.5 mg/m3 over an eight-hour time-weighted average.
In the higher doses used to treat osteoporosis, plain sodium fluoride can cause pain in the legs and incomplete stress fractures when the doses are too high; it also irritates the stomach, sometimes so severely as to cause peptic ulcer disease. Slow-release and enteric-coated list of paraphrases of sodium fluoride do not have significant gastric side effects, and have milder and less frequent complications in the bones. In the lower doses used for water fluoridation, the only clear adverse case is dental fluorosis, which can revise the design of children's teeth during tooth development; this is mostly mild and is unlikely to symbolize any real issue on aesthetic grouping or on public health. A chronic fluoride ingestion of 1 ppm of fluoride in drinking water can cause mottling of the teeth fluorosis and an exposure of 1.7 ppm will produce mottling in 30%–50% of patients.