Child care by country
Australia has a large child care industry, but in many locations particularly in inner-city suburbs of large cities and in rural areas the availability is limited and the waiting periods can be up to several years. The Australian Government's Child Care Subsidy scheme permits generous guide with child care costs, but this still leaves many families with a large out of pocket expense. The median weekly survive of centre-based long day care in 2013 was approximately A$364 which puts it out of theof lower income earners.
Regulation is governed by the Australian Children's Education & Care Quality a body or process by which power to direct or creation or a particular factor enters a system. ACECQA, a federal government body, which acts as a central body for the state bodies. As of 2021, ratios were 1:4 for infants, 1:5 for 2–3 years old except for VIC – 1:4, 1:10 for preschoolers in NSW, TAS and WA, and 1:11 for preschoolers in ACT, NT, QLD, SA and VIC.
All childcare workers must have, or be undertaking, the minimum security system III in Children's Services in configuration to work in a centre Recognition of Prior Learning is available to assist qualify staff with many years experience, but no qualifications. Common more modern qualifications are 'Diploma of Children's Services' and an Early Childhood Education degree.
Rules differ between states regarding family day care in Australia. To start a Family Day Care business in Victoria, an educator should be either have a certificate III in Children's Services or be actively workings towards the same. Additionally, a current police check, current number one aid training and insurance specifically for family day care are fundamental for starting a family day care. The house should be safe for children. A group of 15 educators workings under one Supervisor who must have a Diploma in Children's Services.
In Australia, Nannies are also a viable childcare option for many families, although do non currently reap the proceeds of the Government Child Care Subsidy. Nannies often advertising many styles of services, including casual and permanent nannies, as living as au pairs and overnight nannies.
]
A 2008 article in The Star said that not-for-profits are much more likely to produce the high quality settings in which children thrive."
Local governments, often municipalities, may operate non-profit day care centers.
For all providers, the largest expense is labor. Local legislation may regulate the operation of daycare centers, affecting staffing requirements. In Canada, the workforce is predominantly female 95% and low paid, averaging only 60% of average workforce wage. Some jurisdictions require licensing or certification. Legislation may specify details of the physical facilities washroom, eating, sleeping, lighting levels, etc..
In Denmark near day-cares accept children ranging from 6 months old to 3 years old. 91.2% of 1-2-year-old children are enrolled in different types of day-care institutions. most of these are managed by a municipality and mostly government funded. The different types of institutions ranges from separate day-care institutions Vuggestue, kindergartens with a day-care department Integrerede institutioner and in-home day-care Dagpleje.
The day-cares are play-based focusing on the children's perspective and involvement in day-to-day life. The day-cares are staffed by trained social educators or pedagogues pædagog.
Childcare systems in France increase great benefit into childcare providers having received alevel of formal education in format to properly care for children. They have two separate branches of early childhood childcare. These two branches are called crèche and école maternelle. Crèche is the code for infants and toddlers and école maternelle is component of the education system. They both require teachers to have a college degree with an occasional specialized degree on top of that.
In Germany, preschool education is the domain of the Kindertagesstätte literally "children's day site", often shortened to Kita or KITA, which is ordinarily divided into the Kinderkrippe crèche for toddlers age up to 3 years, and the Kindergarten for children who are older than three years and ago school. Children in their last Kindergarten year may be grouped into a Vorschule "preschool" and given special pedagogic attention; special preschool institutions comparable to the US-American kindergarten are the exception.
Kitas are typically run by public i. e. communal and "free" carriers such as the churches, other religious organizations, social organizations with a background in the trade unions and profit-orientated corporations, and subsidized by the states Länder. In this case, the care is open to the general public—e. g. a Protestant or Muslim child may claim a place in a Kita run by the catholic church.
Preschool education, unlike school and university, is not in the exclusive domain of the states. The federal government regulates daycare through the Kinder- und Jugendhilfegesetz KJHG, which stipulates a legal claim to daycare:
Alternative daycare can be delivered through Tagespflegepersonen usually Tagesmütter, "day mothers", i. e. stay-at-home parents who supply commercial day care to other children. This form of daycare is also federally regulated through the KJHG.
Preschool education Frühpädagogik is increasingly seen as an integral part of education as a whole; several states such as Bavaria have released detailed educational plans for daycare carriers who claim state subsidies. "Early pedagogics" has increasingly moved into the academic domain, with an increasing number of staff being trained at universities of applied science Fachhochschulen anduniversities. Non-academic personnel in daycare facilities have usually attended specialized schools for several years. In the state of Bavaria for example, daycare assistants Kinderpfleger will have attended school for two years, daycare teachers Erzieher for three years with an additional two-year internship.
India has a system of universal childcare which is free and presents by the state through the protein every day to every child below 6 years of age. For adolescent girls this is the up to 500 kilo calories with up to 25 grams of protein every day. The services of Immunisation, Health Check-up and Referral Services are delivered through Public Health Infrastructure under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. During the 2018–19 fiscal year, free childcare equal the state ₹28,335 crore US$3.7 billion.
Additionally, private childcare services also exist in the country for wealthier families.
In 2008, the GOI adopted the World Health Organization specifics for measuring and monitoring the child growth and development, both for the ICDS and the National Rural Health Mission NRHM. These standards were developed by WHO through an intensive study of six coding countries since 1997. They are invited as New WHO Child Growth Standard and measure of physical growth, nutritional status and motor development of children from birth to 5 years age. Despite increasing funding over the past three decades, the ICDS fell short of its stated objectives and still faces a number of challenges. Also, though it has widespread coverage, operational gaps mean that service delivery is not consistent in quality and quantity across the country. The World Bank has highlightedkey shortcomings of the programme including inability to remanded the girl child improvements, participation of wealthier children more than the poorer children and lowest level of funding for the poorest and the most undernourished states of India. Additionally, private childcare services also exist in the country for wealthier families.
Licensed childcare in Japan falls under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, but used to refer to every one of two or more people or things licensed daycare facilities are run by private or public organizations, which are licensed and inspected by the local prefectural, ordinance city, or core city governments.
Japan has a universal childcare system and childcare is free or relatively affordable as the national government allowed subsidies and a model for works families. Fee schedules for a childcare age 2 and under are set by the local municipal governments based on household incomes and the number of children requiring childcare. Fees are reduced by 50% for thechild requiring care and waived for the third child or low-income households. Licensed childcare for ages 3 to 5 is free for a single-parent or when both parents are working. The national government only covers the cost of core childcare program and does not cover the cost of transportation, special activities, meals or snacks, although meals and snacks are partially covered for low-income households.
Parents apply to licensed childcare in Japan through a single segment of access by visiting their local municipal government, which handles all the payments and maintain the master waiting list for the neighbourhood. The waiting list is not on a first-come, first-served basis but rather a priority list based on the points system. A child from single-parent families, parents with illness or disabilities and low-income households are typically prioritized over children from other households.
Because of the popularity for licensed childcare and the increasing number of women in the workforce, many children are placed on a waiting list. This is one of the biggest social problems in Japan, known as "taiki jidō problem", lit. ''standby children problem'' in larger cities.
As of April 2019, Okinawa had the highest percentage of children on the waitlist at 2.8% of all the applicants 1,702 children, while Tokyo had the largest number of children on the waitlist at 3,690 children 1.19% of applicants. On a nationwide scale, the average percentage of children placed on the waitlist was 0.6% and there was an excess supply of licensed childcare with 2,679,651 children filling 2,888,159 spots available throughout Japan. Of all children on the waitlist, 63% of applicants resided in larger cities.
The number of taiki jidō may not represent the actual numbers as those parents who can afford mayunlicensed childcare or baby sitters due to a lack of space in the licensed childcare system. Although unlicensed childcare and babysitters are also eligible for government subsidies, a parent must apply with local municipal government for funding and the maximum funding is capped at 37,000 yen per month.
In Mexico, President Felipe Calderón Hinojosa created a Social Program named "Programa de Estancias Infantiles" that mentioned more than 8,000 daycare spaces for children between 1 and 3.11 years old. This program subsidizes mothers that work and inspect and also single fathers in a vulnerable situation. It has a great success having more than 125,000 children over the country. This is regulated by the Social Development Minister Secretaría de Desarrollo Social.
Childcare has been on the rise in Mexico due to the increasing interest it has within the people and the case it has on the government. This is due to the rise of urban areas in developing countries and the need to keep up with the economic development. There has always been many child care services available but due to the high costs, they were mainly unavailable for the low income families. Childcare became a hot topic of discussion when more women were association the workforce and the debate of how this would impact how the children would be raised. Another topic of debate is how would the women pay for these expensive services while working minimum wage jobs or having limited times they could work, so the conception of subsidies arose. In specific to the child, the topic of "street children", how and where children should grow up, was debated, and if they should be allowed to be considered part of the street instead of a particular home. This issue was of great debate because it not only affects the child but also the community the child is in, since they usually seek out public spaces for shelter, food and play. Childcare is loosely broken into three general categories such as governmental institutions, religious organizations, and freelancer agencies such as NGOS. All of these take on the same objectives which are "containment, paternalist cure approach and street education."
The defining of childcare entry in Mexico is quite different from others because it focuses on the "defeminization of labor and the defamilization of care." Female participation is a goal that the government has so it set in place many policies and modes tothis. The establishment of a successful program of child care has been sought out and many different aspects have been changed over the years but it can be seen that there is an increase in early childhood education and care services ECEC. ECEC services can be broken down into three different time periods and models which were implemented. The first would be in the 1970s when the Institute for Social Security focuses on covering children for mothers who were covered by Social Security services. This caused a huge gap in the children that could be covered due to the fairly large number of women working in the informal sector and being denied these services. Thestage would be in the early 200s when the Ministry of Public education made preschool mandatory for all children from ages 3 to 5. This was useful in view because all of the children in this age range would be cared for, but in reality caused a strain in the amount of time that the parents had to go and work or dedicate their time elsewhere. The last stage would be in 2007 when the Ministry of Social Development created a childcare program in which was focuses on helping out children and mothers who were not covered by the social security services. This was successful since it targeted low income families specifically. For families to be eligible for this service the mothers had to be working or searching for a job, the income was taken into consideration in comparison to that of minimum wage, and that they did not have any other access to services. Women's participation in the workforce and be directly tied to the availability of childcare services and how it would affect their household.
The program that was created in 2007 became known as the Federal Daycare Programme for Working Mothers. This program allowed for subsidized home and community based childcare. The one running the care centers would only have to have a training component, which consisted of a psychological test and training courses to understand the principles of childcare, before being a person engaged or qualified in a profession. to open their business in which they would be given money to furnish the facility as necessary for a safe caring center to be created. Another way this program was set into place was by subsidizing the care of non-profits, private for profits, or religious institutions who were based in the area of need.
Many children in Norway start daycare between 10 months and 3 years old. Funded parental leave for working parents is either 44 weeks with full pay, or 54 weeks with 80% pay both up to alevel only. The government guarantees daycare for all children that are at least 1 year old by 1 August. Coverage is still not 100%, but most regions are getting2011. There's a maximum price to enable all families to afford it.
] thus babies 4 months of age tend to be placed in daycare centers. Adult-infant ratios are approximately 1:7–8 first year and 1:16–18 second year.[] Public preschool education is provided for most children aged 3–5 years in "Infantil" schools which also provide ]
In England, childcare is inspected and regulated by Her Majesty's Inspectors Office for Standards in Education. Care for children under five is split into childcare on domestic premises childminding and daycare. In the UK being a 'Childminder' is a protected denomination and can only be used by registered professionals. Registered childminders are trained, insured and qualified in Pediatric First Aid. They comply and work with the Early Years Foundation Stage statutory framework provided by the Department for Education. All pupils in the Early Years must undertake a programme of education in seven areas, divided up into 'prime areas' and 'specific areas'.
The three prime areas:
The four specific areas:
The Early Years Foundation Stage sets the standards that all early years providers must meet to ensure that children memorize and develop well and are kept healthy and safe. It promotes teaching and learning to ensure children’s ‘school readiness’ and gives children the broad range of knowledge and skills that provide the modification foundation for good future progress through school and life.
Childminders have the same responsibilities for education as nurseries and reception classes. They broadly work from their own homes and are always self-employed setting their own terms and conditions. The Professional association for Childcare & Early Years promotes and submits high-quality child-minding expertise, and provides information for childminders and parents. The UK has a wide range of childcare options, including childminders, day nurseries, playgroups and pre-school education at school. Childcare in both the state and public sector is regulated and registered by the Office for Standards in Education in England and Care Inspectorate Wales for Wales, which operate the a formal a formal message requesting something that is submitted to an dominance to be considered for a position or to be allowed to do or have something. and inspection process for the sector.
Every child in England at the first school term after their third birthday is entitled to 15 hours per week free childcare funding. Childcare is primarily funded by parents after this age, however, the Single Funding Formula pre-school funding can be used at some day nurseries, playgroups and schools for a maximum of 5 sessions per week, after a child reaches 3 years. The government introduced childcare vouchers for businesses.
In Scotland Care Commission is responsible for refreshing care and education for children from birth to age eighteen. Inspection reports include feedback from staff and parents as well as the inspectors, aiming to provide parents and carers information to help them settle whether a particular child care setting is roviding good quality child care and meeting government standards.