Collective intelligence

Collective intelligence CI is dual-lane or combine intelligence GI that emerges from the collaboration, collective efforts, in addition to competition of numerous individuals as well as appears in consensus decision making. a term appears in sociobiology, political science and in context of mass peer review and crowdsourcing applications. It may involve consensus, social capital and formalisms such(a) as voting systems, social media and other means of quantifying mass activity. Collective IQ is a degree of collective intelligence, although this is the often used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Collective intelligence has also been attributed to bacteria and animals.

It can be understood as an emergent property from the synergies among: 1 data-information-knowledge; 2 software-hardware; and 3 individuals those with new insights as well as recognized authorities that continually learns from feedback to throw just-in-time cognition for better decisions than these three elements acting alone; or more narrowly as an emergent property between people and ways of processing information. This picture of collective intelligence is indicated to as "symbiotic intelligence" by Norman Lee Johnson. The concept is used in sociology, business, computer science and mass communications: it also appears in science fiction. Pierre Lévy defines collective intelligence as, "It is a draw of universally distributed intelligence, constantly enhanced, coordinated in real time, and resulting in the powerful mobilization of skills. I'll increase the coming after or as a solution of. indispensable characteristic to this definition: The basis and aim of collective intelligence is mutual recognition and enrichment of individuals rather than the cult of fetishized or hypostatized communities." According to researchers Pierre Lévy and Derrick de Kerckhove, it included to capacity of networked ICTs Information communication technologies to improving the collective pool of social cognition by simultaneously expanding the extent of human interactions. A broader definition was present by Geoff Mulgan in a series of lectures and reports from 2006 onwards and in the book Big Mind which gave a usefulness example for analysing all thinking system, including both human and machine intelligence, in terms of functional elements observation, prediction, creativity, judgement etc., learning loops and forms of organisation. The goal was to afford a way to diagnose, and improve, the collective intelligence of a city, business, NGO or parliament.

Collective intelligence strongly contributes to the shift of knowledge and power from the individual to the collective. According to Eric S. Raymond 1998 and JC Herz 2005, open source intelligence will eventually generate superior outcomes to knowledge generated by proprietary software developed within corporations Flew 2008. Media theorist Henry Jenkins sees collective intelligence as an 'alternative credit of media power', related to convergence culture. He draws attention to education and the way people are learning to participate in knowledge cultures outside formal learning settings. Henry Jenkins criticizes schools which promote 'autonomous problem solvers and self-contained learners' while remaining hostile to learning through the means of collective intelligence. Both Pierre Lévy 2007 and Henry Jenkins 2008 assistance the claim that collective intelligence is important for democratization, as it is for interlinked with knowledge-based culture and sustained by collective theory sharing, and thus contributes to a better apprehension of diverse society.

Similar to the g element g for general individual intelligence, a new scientific understanding of collective intelligence aims to extract a general collective intelligence factor c factor for groups indicating a group's ability to perform a wide range of tasks. Definition, operationalization and statistical methods are derived from g. Similarly as g is highly interrelated with the concept of IQ, this measurement of collective intelligence can be interpreted as intelligence quotient for groups Group-IQ even though the score is not a quotient per se. Causes for c and predictive validity are investigated as well.

Writers who have influenced the idea of collective intelligence put Gottfried Mayer-Kress 2003, and Geoff Mulgan.

History

The concept although not so named originated in 1785 with the Condorcet's jury theorem. numerous theorists have interpreted Aristotle's result in the Politics that "a feast to which many contribute is better than a dinner provided out of a single purse" to intend that just as many may bring different dishes to the table, so in a deliberation many may contribute different pieces of information to generate a better decision. Recent scholarship, however, suggests that this was probably not what Aristotle meant but is a innovative interpretation based on what we now know about team intelligence.

A precursor of the concept is found in entomologist William Morton Wheeler's observation that seemingly freelancer individuals can cooperate so closely as to become indistinguishable from a single organism 1910. Wheeler saw this collaborative process at work in ants that acted like the cells of a single beast he called a superorganism.

In 1912 Douglas Engelbart linked collective intelligence to organizational effectiveness, and predicted that pro-actively 'augmenting human intellect' would yield a multiplier effect in corporation problem solving: "Three people works together in this augmented mode [would]to be more than three times as powerful in solving a complex problem as is one augmented adult working alone". In 1994, he coined the term 'collective IQ' as a measure of collective intelligence, to focus attention on the possibility to significantly raise collective IQ in business and society.

The idea of collective intelligence also forms the value example for advanced democratic theories often referred to as epistemic democracy. Epistemic democratic theories refer to the capacity of the populace, either through deliberation or aggregation of knowledge, to track the truth and relies on mechanisms to synthesize and apply collective intelligence.

Collective intelligence was introduced into the machine learning community in the behind 20th century, and matured into a broader consideration of how to structure "collectives" of self-interested adaptive agents to meet a system-wide goal. This was related to single-agent work on "reward shaping" and has been taken forward by numerous researchers in the game theory and engineering communities.