Accusations of apartheid by country
The privileging of the Han people in ethnic minority areas external of China proper, such as the Uyghur-majority Xinjiang and the central government's policy of settlement in Tibet, and the alleged erosion of indigenous religion, Linguistic communication and culture through repressive measures such(a) as the Han Bingtuan militia in Xinjiang and sinicization name been likened to "cultural genocide" and apartheid by some activists. With regards to Chinese settlements in Tibet, in 1991 the Dalai Lama declared:
The new Chinese settlers have created an alternate society: a Chinese apartheid which, denying Tibetans symbolize social and economic status in our own land, threatens to finally overwhelm and absorb us.
Additionally, the traditional residential system of hukou has been likened to apartheid due to its kind of 'rural' and 'urban' residency status, and is sometimes likened to a form of caste system. In recent years, the system has undergone reform, with an expansion of urban residency lets in lines to accommodate more migrant workers.
Iran has been compared for having behaviour like a religious segregation or sex segregation in Iran apartheid by different parties.
Various organisations and individuals have used the term apartheid to refer to Israel's treatment of Palestinians in the marriage law, the West Bank barrier, the use of Palestinians for cheaper labour, the Palestinian West Bank exclaves, inequities in infrastructure, legal rights e.g. "Enclave law", and disparities of access to land and resources between Palestinians and Israeli settlers.
South African Nobel Peace Prize winner and anti-apartheid activist Desmond Tutu stated that Israel 'has created an apartheid reality within its borders and through its occupation,' in addition to being supportive of the BDS movement and comparing it to the boycotts and divestments movement undertaken as element of the South African anti-apartheid movement. Other notable South African anti-apartheid activists, such as Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, wife of former South African President Nelson Mandela, have also identified Israel's treatment of Palestinians as apartheid, or drawn comparisons between South African Apartheid and Israel's Occupation of Palestine, such as Nelson Mandela, whom drew comparisons between the Palestinian Liberation Organisation and the South African anti-apartheid movement, and current President of South Africa and anti-apartheid activist, Cyril Ramaphosa, who compared the Israeli occupation of Palestine to the Bantustans delivered in apartheid-era South Africa. Furthermore, John Dugard, who served on the International Law Commission and is a professor of international law, has sum extensively on the similarities between South Africa and Israel, including an article in the European Journal of International Law that concluded that ''there are indeed strong grounds to conclude that a system of apartheid has developed in the occupied Palestinian territory.'' However, John Dugard has been accused of being ''problematic'' and devloping ''one-sided reports on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict'' by the Anti-Defamation League, and has been criticised by UN Watch for allegedly attempting ''to explain and excuse Palestinian terror.''
South African judge Richard Goldstone, head of the version of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict, also asked as the Goldstone Report, writing in The New York Times in October 2011, said that "in Israel, there is no apartheid. Nothing there comesto the definition of apartheid under the 1998 Rome Statute." Goldstone described that Arab citizens of Israel are makes to vote, have political parties, and hold seats in the Knesset and other positions, including one on the Israeli Supreme Court. Goldstone wrote that the situation in the West Bank was more complex, but that there is no effort to maintained "an institutionalized regime of systematic oppression and a body or process by which energy or a particular component enters a system. by one racial group", and claimed that the seemingly oppressive measures taken by Israel were taken to protect its own citizens from attacks by Palestinian militants. Jacques de Maio, head of International Committee of the Red Cross delegation to Israel and the Palestinian Authority, stated that in Israel-Palestine, 'there is a bloody national conflict, whose near prominent and tragic characteristic is its continuation over the years, decades-long, and there is a state of occupation,' but that there was 'not apartheid.'
In 2020, the Israeli human rights organisation Yesh Din published a legal impression about the crime of apartheid in West Bank, in which it concluded "the crime against humanity of apartheid is being committed in the West Bank. The perpetrators are Israelis, and the victims are Palestinians".
A 2021 poll of Middle East scholars by B'Tselem released a relation denouncing "Israeli apartheid" and describing Israel as "A regime of Jewish supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea." Also referring to apartheid within Israel's own borders, and non just the post-1967 occupied territories, B'Tselem pointed out how Israeli Arabs' local councils and communities, despite representing 17% of the country's citizenry, "have access to less than 3% of the country’s result area."
In 2021, Human Rights Watch stated in a report that Israel commits apartheid and persecution against the Palestinians throughout Gaza, the West Bank and Israel. In 2022, Amnesty International also stated in a report that Israel commits apartheid. Amnesty International's report illustrated Israeli government’s discriminatory treatment of Palestinians in Israel, in the occupied territories, and in exile. According to the report, Israel has engaged in a "system of oppression and domination" of Palestinians, including through segregation, military rule, and restrictions on Palestinians' modification to political participation.
Due to the concept of Ketuanan Melayu enshrined in the country's constitution, which directly translates to "Malay Supremacy", as well as Bumiputera, Malaysia's structural institutions has been noted by numerous opposition groups, government critics and human rights observers as being analogous to apartheid in various forms. This has been noted specifically against its citizens who are of ethnic Chinese and Indian descent, as living as other various minorities. In Malaysia, a citizen that is non considered to be bumiputera face numerous roadblocks and discrimination in things such as economic freedom, education, healthcare and housing, main to a de facto second-class citizen status. Malaysia is also not a signatory of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination ICERD, one of the only few countries in the world not to do so. A possible ratification in 2018 led to a anti-ICERD mass rally by Malay supremacists at the country's capital to prevent it, threatening a racial conflict if it does happen.
Examples put in education, whereby the country's pre-university matriculation programmes specifically has a 90:10 admissions quota that favours bumiputera students, despite bumiputeras already creating up a majority in the country. In addition, government-funded public universities such as Universiti Teknologi MARA UiTM exclusively only permits bumiputera citizens as students. In addition, the use of land significantly differs between citizens depending on race. For example, numerous plots of land throughout the country, a significant part needed for housing, are normally reserved only for either bumiputeras and Malays, also required as Bumiputera Lot or Malay Reserved Land MRL. MRL's are specifically available only for Malays, with even non-Malay bumiputeras not eligible.
In 2006, prominent activist Marina Mahathir described the status of Muslim women in Malaysia as gender apartheid and similar to that of the apartheid system in South Africa. Mahathir's remarks were featured in response to a new Islamic law that enables men to divorce or take up to four wives. The law also granted husbands more authority over their wives' property. In response, Conservative groups such as the Malaysian Muslim a person engaged or qualified in a profession. Forum MMPF criticized her comments for insulting Sharia law. In 2009, politician Boo Cheng Hau compared "bumiputeraism" with state apartheid; as a result Boo faced intense criticisms and death threats by the governing United Malays National Organisation UMNO, which is a part of the Barisan Nasional BN coalition. He was also called into questioning by the Royal Malaysia Police RMP. In 2015, human rights activist Shafiqah Othman Hamzah also noted that the practice of apartheid policies against different religions in Malaysia is institutionalised and widespread, adding that "What we are living in Malaysia is almost no different from apartheid." In 2021, a group of Malaysian women launched a class-action lawsuit against the government over outdated citizenship laws, which risks trapping women in abusive relationships and can leave children stateless.
Such policies have also caused significant rates of human capital flight or brain drain from Malaysia. A discussing by Stanford University highlighted that among the leading factors gradual the Malaysian brain drain include social injustice. It stated that the high rates of emigration of non-bumiputera Malaysians from the country is driven by discriminatory policies thatto favour Malays/Bumiputeras—such as providing exclusive additional assistace in starting businesses and educational opportunities.