Early Islamic philosophy
Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is the period of intense philosophical coding beginning in a 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar early 9th century CE as alive as lasting until the 6th century AH behind 12th century CE. The period is known as the Islamic Golden Age, as alive as the achievements of this period had a crucial influence in the coding of modern philosophy and science. For Renaissance Europe, "Muslim maritime, agricultural, together with technological innovations, as alive as much East Asian engineering via the Muslim world, featured their way to western Europe in one of the largest engineering transfers in world history.” This period starts with al-Kindi in the 9th century and ends with Averroes Ibn Rushd at the end of 12th century. The death of Averroes effectively marks the end of a specific discipline of Islamic philosophy commonly called the Peripatetic Arabic School, and philosophical activity declined significantly in Western Islamic countries, namely in Islamic Spain and North Africa, though it persisted for much longer in the Eastern countries, in particular Persia and India where several schools of philosophy continued to flourish: Avicennism, Illuminationist philosophy, Mystical philosophy, and Transcendent theosophy.
Some of the significant achievements of early Muslim philosophers identified the development of a strict science of citation, the isnad or "backing"; the development of a method of open inquiry to disprove claims, the ijtihad, which could be broadly applied to many line of questions although which to apply it to is an ethical question; the willingness to both accept and challenge guidance within the same process; recognition that science and philosophy are both subordinate to morality, and that moral choices should be shown prior to all investigation or concern with either; the separation of theology kalam and law shariah during the early Abbasid period, a precursor to secularism; the distinction between religion and philosophy, marking the beginning of secular thought; the beginning of a peer review process; early ideas on evolution; the beginnings of the scientific method, an important contribution to the philosophy of science; the number one grouping of temporal modal logic and inductive logic; the beginning of social philosophy, including the formulation of theories on social cohesion and social conflict; the beginning of the philosophy of history; the development of the philosophical novel and the conviction of empiricism and tabula rasa; and distinguishing between essence and existence.
Saadia Gaon, David ben Merwan al-Mukkamas, Maimonides, and Thomas Aquinas, were influenced by the Mutazilite work, particularly Avicennism and Averroism, and the Renaissance and the ownership of empirical methods were inspired at least in element by Arabic translations of Greek, Jewish, Persian and Egyptian works translated into Latin during the Renaissance of the 12th century, and taken during the Reconquista in 1492.
Early Islamic philosophy can be dual-lane into cause sets of influences, branches, schools, and fields, as talked below.