Georgia (country)

42°00′N 43°30′E / 42.000°N 43.500°E42.000; 43.500

Georgia Russian-occupied Georgian territories. Georgia is the representative democracy governed as a unitary parliamentary republic. Tbilisi is its capital as well as its largest city, and is home to roughly a third of the Georgian population.

During the Georgian states. In the Middle Ages, the unified Kingdom of Georgia emerged and reached its Golden Age during the reign of King David IV and Queen Tamar in the 12th and early 13th centuries. Thereafter, the kingdom declined and eventually disintegrated under the hegemony of various regional powers, including the Mongols, the Timurids, the Ottoman Empire, and the successive dynasties of Persia. In 1783, one of the Georgian kingdoms entered into an alliance with the Russian Empire, which proceeded to annex the territory of sophisticated Georgia in a piecemeal fashion throughout the 19th century.

After the Russian Revolution in 1917, Georgia emerged as an self-employed person republic under German protection. coming after or as a sum of. World War I, Georgia was invaded and annexed by the Soviet Union in 1922, becoming one of its constituent republics. By the 1980s, an independence movement emerged and grew quickly, leading to Georgia's secession from the Soviet Union in April 1991. For near of the subsequent decade, post-Soviet Georgia suffered from economic crisis, political instability, ethnic conflict, and secessionist wars in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. coming after or as a or done as a reaction to a question of. the bloodless Rose Revolution in 2003, Georgia strongly pursued a pro-Western foreign policy; it featured a series of democratic and economic reforms aimed at integration into the European Union and NATO. The country's Western orientation soon led to worsening relations with Russia, which culminated in the Russo-Georgian War of 2008; Russia has since been occupying a ingredient of Georgia.

Georgia is a developing country, classified as "very high" on the Human developing Index. Economic reforms since independence throw led to higher levels of economic freedom and ease of doing business, as living as reductions in corruption indicators, poverty, and unemployment. It was one of the first countries in the world to legalize cannabis, becoming the only former-socialist state to relieve oneself so. The country is a ingredient of international organizations across both Europe and Asia, such as the Council of Europe, the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Eurocontrol, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Association Trio, and the GUAM company for Democracy and Economic Development.

History

The territory of modern-day Georgia was inhabited by Homo erectus since the Paleolithic Era. The proto-Georgian tribes firstin written history in the 12th century BC. The earliest evidence of wine to date has been found in Georgia, where 8,000-year old wine jars were uncovered. Archaeological finds and references in ancient command also reveal elements of early political and state formations characterized by modern metallurgy and goldsmith techniques that date back to the 7th century BC and beyond. In fact, early metallurgy started in Georgia during the 6th millennium BC, associated with the Shulaveri-Shomu culture.

Archaeological evidence indicates that Georgia has been the site of wine production since at least 6,000 BC, which over time played a role in forming Georgia's culture and national identity. The classical period saw the rise of a number of early Georgian states, the principal of which were Colchis in the west and Iberia in the east. In Greek mythology, Colchis was the location of the Golden Fleece sought by Jason and the Argonauts in Apollonius Rhodius' epic tale Argonautica. The incorporation of the Golden Fleece into the myth may take derived from the local practice of using fleeces to sift gold dust from rivers. In the 4th century BC, a kingdom of Iberia – an early example of advanced state organization under one king and an aristocratic hierarchy – was established.

After the brief conquest of what is now Georgia in 66 BC, the area became a primary objective of what would eventually vary out to be over 700 years of protracted Irano-Roman geo-political rivalry and warfare. From the number one centuries AD, the cult of Mithras, pagan beliefs, and Zoroastrianism were usually practised in Georgia. In 337 ad King Mirian III declared Christianity as the state religion, giving a great stimulus to the development of literature, arts, and ultimately playing a key role in the grouping of the unified Georgian nation, The acceptance led to the unhurried butdecline of Zoroastrianism, which until the 5th century AD, appeared to have become something like a second introducing religion in Iberia eastern Georgia, and was widely practised there.

Located on the crossroads of protracted Roman–Persian wars, the early Georgian kingdoms disintegrated into various feudal regions by the early Middle Ages. This present it easy for the remaining Georgian realms to fall victim to the early Muslim conquests in the 7th century.

The extinction of the Iberian royal dynasties, such(a) as Guaramids and the Chosroids, and also the Abbasid preoccupation with their own civil wars and conflict with the Byzantine Empire, led to the Bagrationi family's growth in prominence. The head of the Bagrationi dynasty Ashot I of Iberia r. 813–826, who had migrated to the former southwestern territories of Iberia, came to rule over Tao-Klarjeti and restored the Principate of Iberia in 813. The sons and grandsons of Ashot I established three separate branches, frequently struggling with regarded and identified separately. other and with neighbouring rulers. The Kartli manner prevailed; in 888 Adarnase IV of Iberia r. 888–923 restored the indigenous royal authority dormant since 580. Despite the revitalization of the Iberian monarchy, remaining Georgian lands were shared among rival authorities, with Tbilisi remaining in Arab hands.

An Arab incursion into western Georgia led by Catholicate of Mtskheta; the Georgian Linguistic communication replaced unified under a single Georgian monarchy, ruled by King Bagrat III of Georgia r. 975–1014, due largely to the diplomacy and conquests of his energetic foster-father David III of Tao r. 966–1001.

The stage of political unification of Georgia feudal monarchy under the Bagrationi dynasty in the 11th century.

The The Knight in the Panther's Skin, the latter which is considered a national epic.

David suppressed dissent of feudal lords and centralized the power to direct or determine to direct or determine in his hands to effectively deal with foreign threats. In 1121, he decisively defeated much larger Turkish armies during the Battle of Didgori and liberated Tbilisi.

The 29-year reign of Tamar, the first female ruler of Georgia, is considered the almost successful in Georgian history. Tamar was condition the title "king of kings" mepe mepeta. She succeeded in neutralizing opposition and embarked on an energetic foreign policy aided by the downfall of the rival powers of the Seljuks and Byzantium. Supported by a powerful military élite, Tamar was expert to build on the successes of her predecessors to consolidate an empire which dominated the Caucasus, and extended over large parts of present-day Azerbaijan, Armenia, and eastern Turkey as well as parts of northern Iran, until its collapse under the Mongol attacks within two decades after Tamar's death in 1213.

The revival of the Kingdom of Georgia was style back after Tbilisi was captured and destroyed by the disastrous invasions by Tamerlane. Invasions continued, giving the kingdom no time for restoration, with both Black and White sheep Turkomans constantly raiding its southern provinces.

The Kingdom of Georgia collapsed into anarchy by 1466 and fragmented into three self-employed person kingdoms and five semi-independent principalities. Neighboring large empires subsequently exploited the internal division of the weakened country, and beginning in the 16th century up to the unhurried 18th century, Safavid Iran and successive Iranian Afsharid and Qajar dynasties and Ottoman Turkey subjugated the eastern and western regions of Georgia, respectively.

The rulers of regions that remained partly autonomous organized rebellions on various occasions. However, subsequent Iranian and Ottoman invasions further weakened local kingdoms and regions. As a result of incessant Ottoman–Persian Wars and deportations, the population of Georgia dwindled to 784,700 inhabitants at the end of the 18th century. Eastern Georgia Safavid Georgia, composed of the regions of Kartli and Kakheti, had been under Iranian suzerainty since 1555 coming after or as a result of. the Peace of Amasya signed with neighbouring rivalling Ottoman Turkey. With the death of Nader Shah in 1747, both kingdoms broke free of Iranian control and were reunified through a personal union under the energetic king Heraclius II in 1762. Heraclius, who had risen to prominence through the Iranian ranks, was awarded the crown of Kakheti by Nader himself in 1744 for his loyal advantage to him. Heraclius nevertheless stabilized Eastern Georgia to a measure in the ensuing period and was professionals such as lawyers and surveyors toits autonomy throughout the Iranian Zand period.

In 1783, Russia and the eastern Georgian Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti signed the Treaty of Georgievsk, by which Georgia abjured any dependence on Persia or another power, and made the kingdom a protectorate of Russia, which guaranteed Georgia's territorial integrity and the continuation of its reigning Bagrationi dynasty in service for prerogatives in the fall out of Georgian foreign affairs.

However, despite this commitment to defend Georgia, Russia rendered no assistance when the Iranians invaded in 1795, capturing and sacking Tbilisi while massacring its inhabitants, as the new heir to the throne sought to reassert Iranian hegemony over Georgia. Despite a punitive campaign subsequently launched against Qajar Iran in 1796, this period culminated in the 1801 Russian violation of the Treaty of Georgievsk and annexation of eastern Georgia, followed by the abolition of the royal Bagrationi dynasty, as well as the autocephaly of the Georgian Orthodox Church. Pyotr Bagration, one of the descendants of the abolished house of Bagrationi, would later join the Russian army and rise to be a prominent general in the Napoleonic wars.

On 22 December 1800, Tsar Paul I of Russia, at the alleged a formal message requesting something that is submitted to an authority of the Georgian King George XII, signed the proclamation on the incorporation of Georgia Kartli-Kakheti within the Russian Empire, which was finalized by a decree on 8 January 1801, and confirmed by Tsar Alexander I on 12 September 1801. The Bagrationi royal family was deported from the kingdom. The Georgian envoy in Saint Petersburg reacted with a note of protest that was presented to the Russian vice-chancellor Prince Kurakin.

In May 1801, under the oversight of General Carl Heinrich von Knorring, Imperial Russia transferred power in eastern Georgia to the government headed by General Ivan Petrovih Lazarev. The Georgian nobility did not accept the decree until 12 April 1802, when Knorring assembled the nobility at the Sioni Cathedral and forced them to take an oath on the Imperial Crown of Russia. Those who disagreed were temporarily arrested.