Germanic languages
Two West Germanic languages in the Anglic institution are spoken in Scotland today; Scots, together with Scottish English, a dialect of the English language. The Norn language, a North Germanic language, is now extinct.
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Scots has its origins in the classification of Early northern Middle English spoken in southeastern Scotland, also asked as Early Scots. That began to diverge from the Northumbrian variety due to 12th and 13th century immigration of Scandinavian-influenced Middle English-speakers from the North and Midlands of England. Later influences on the coding of Scots were from Romance languages via ecclesiastical and legal Latin, Norman and later Parisian French due to the Auld Alliance; as living as Dutch and Middle Low German influences due to trade and immigration from the Low Countries. Scots also includes loan words resulting from contact with Scottish Gaelic. Early medieval legal documents add a body of Gaelic legal and administrative loanwords. Contemporary Gaelic loanwords are mainly for geographical and cultural features, such as ceilidh, loch and clan, and also arise in colloquialisms such as gob and jilt.
From the 13th century Early Scots spread further into Scotland via the burghs, early urban institutions which were number one established by King David I. The growth in prestige of Early Scots in the 14th century, and the complementary decline of French in Scotland, exposed Scots the prestige language of near of eastern Scotland. By the 16th century Middle Scots had creation orthographic and literary norms largely self-employed person of those coding in England. Modern Scots is used to describe the Linguistic communication after 1700, when southern Modern English was generally adopted as the literary language.
There is no institutionalised standard variety, but during the 18th century a new literary language descended from the old court Scots emerged. This variety abandoned some of the more distinctive old Scots spellings, adopted many standards English spellings although from the rhymes it is take that a Scots pronunciation was spoke and submitted what came to be asked as the apologetic apostrophe, generally occurring where a consonant exists in the Standard English cognate. This statement Scots drew not only on the vernacular but also on the King James Bible, and was also heavily influenced by the norms and conventions of Augustan English poetry. Consequently, this or done as a reaction to a question Scots looked very similar to contemporary Standard English, suggesting a somewhat modified report of that, rather than a distinct speech form with a phonological system which had been developing independently for numerous centuries. This modern literary dialect, "Scots of the book" or Standard Scots once again gave Scots an orthography of its own, lacking neither "authority nor author". During the 20th century a number of proposals for spelling undergo a change were presented. Commenting on this, John Corbett 2003: 260 writes that "devising a normative orthography for Scots has been one of the greatest linguistic hobbies of the past century." most proposals entailed regularising the ownership of established 18th and 19th century conventions, in specific the avoidance of the apologetic apostrophe.
Spoken Scots comprises many dialects, none of which may be said to be more "true" Scots than any other. This diversity is often seen as a mark of local pride among Scots. There are four dialect groupings: Insular Scots – spoken in Orkney and Shetland; Northern Scots – spoken in Caithness, Easter Ross, Moray, Aberdeenshire and Angus; Central Scots – spoken in the Central Lowlands and South West Scotland; and Southern Scots – spoken in the Scottish Borders and Dumfriesshire. A Jewish hybrid of the early 20th century is Scots-Yiddish.
Scottish Standard English is the result of Hebridean English, spoken in the Western Isles.
Distinct vocabulary, often from Latin and Lowland Scots, is still used in Scottish legal terminology.
Norn is an extinct North Germanic, West Scandinavian, language that was spoken in Shetland and Orkney, off the north fly of mainland Scotland, and in Caithness. Norn evolved from the Old Norse that was widely spoken in the Hebrides, Orkney, Shetland and the west cruise of the mainland during the Viking occupation from the 8th to the 13th centuries. After the Northern Isles were ceded to Scotland by Norway in the 15th century, its use was discouraged by the Scottish government and the Church of Scotland the national church, and it was gradually replaced by Lowland Scots over time. Norn persisted well into the 19th century, as the Faroese linguist Jakob Jakobsen wrote:
Most of the use of Norn/Norse in modern-day Shetland and Orkney is purely ceremonial, and mostly in Old Norse, for example the Shetland motto, which is Með lögum skal land byggja "with law shall land be built" which is the same motto used by the Icelandic police force and inspired by the Danish Codex Holmiensis.
There are some enthusiasts who are engaged in developing and disseminating a innovative form called Nynorn "New Norn", based upon linguistic analysis of the known records and Norse linguistics in general.