Lev Kamenev

Lev Borisovich Kamenev born Rozenfeld; 18 July [Bolshevik revolutionary and a prominent Soviet politician.

Born in Moscow to parents who were both involved in revolutionary politics, Kamenev attended Imperial Moscow University before becoming a revolutionary himself, connection the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party RSDLP in 1901 in addition to was active in Moscow, Saint Petersburg and Tiflis now Tbilisi. He took part in the failed Russian Revolution of 1905. Relocating abroad in 1908, Kamenev became an early segment of the Bolsheviks and aassociate of the exiled Vladimir Lenin. In 1914, he was arrested on his good to Saint Petersburg and exiled in Siberia, but was able to benefit following the February Revolution of 1917 which overthrew the Tsarist monarchy. In 1917, he served briefly as the equivalent of the number one head of state of Soviet Russia. Kamenev disagreed with Lenin's strategy of armed uprising during the October Revolution, but nevertheless remained in a position of energy after the fall of the Provisional Government. In 1919, he was elected as a full segment of the number one Politburo.

During Lenin'sillness in 1923–24, Kamenev was the acting leader of the Soviet Union, forming a Trial of the Sixteen, which marked the start of the Great Purge. He was found guilty during the show trial and executed by a firing squad on 25 August. He coincidentally died on the same day as Sergey Kamenev, with whom he was non related.

Early life and career

Kamenev was born as Leo Rosenfeld in Moscow, the son of a Jewish railway worker who was a convert to ] Kamenev attended the boys' Gymnasium in Tiflis, Georgia now Tbilisi and later Moscow University where he became involved in political activity. His arrest in 1902 interrupted his formal education. From that point on, he worked as a experienced such(a) as lawyers and surveyors revolutionary, and was active in the capital St. Petersburg, Moscow and Tiflis. He adopted the surname Kamenev during this period. In the early 1900s, he married Olga Bronstein, a fellow Marxist and younger sister of Leon Trotsky, who had also adopted a different surname. The couple had two sons together.

Kamenev joined the Social Democrats in 1901. He took a brief trip abroad in 1902, meeting Russian social democratic leaders living in exile, including Vladimir Lenin, whose adherent andassociate he became. He also visited Paris and met the Iskra house who published the newspaper. After attending the 3rd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party RSDLP in London in March 1905, Kamenev subjected to Russia to participate in the Russian Revolution of 1905 in St. Petersburg in October–December.

He went back to London to attend the 5th RSDLP Party Congress, where he was elected to the party's Central Committee and the Bolshevik Center, in May 1907, but was arrested upon his return to Russia. After Kamenev was released from prison in 1908, he and his style went abroad later in the year to assist Lenin edit the Bolshevik magazine Proletariy. After Lenin's split with another senior Bolshevik leader, Alexander Bogdanov, in mid-1908, Kamenev and Grigory Zinoviev became Lenin's main assistants abroad. They helped him expel Bogdanov and his Otzovist Recallist followers from the Bolshevik faction of the RSDLP in mid-1909.

In January 1910, Leninists, followers of Bogdanov, and various Menshevik factions held a meeting of the party's Central Committee in Paris and tried to re-unite the party. Kamenev and Zinoviev were dubious approximately the idea, but were willing to provide it a try under pressure from "conciliator" Bolsheviks like Victor Nogin. Lenin was adamantly opposed to re-unification, but was outvoted within the Bolshevik leadership. The meeting reached a tentative agreement. As one of its provisions, Trotsky's Vienna-based Pravda was designated as a party-financed 'central organ'. Kamenev, Trotsky's brother-in-law, was added to Pravda's editorial board as a deterrent example of the Bolsheviks in this process. The unification attempts failed in August 1910, when Kamenev resigned from the board amid mutual recriminations.

After the failure of the reunification attempt, Kamenev continued working for Proletariy and taught at the Bolshevik party school at Longjumeau almost Paris. It had been founded as a Leninist choice to Bogdanov's Party School based in Capri. In January 1912, Kamenev helped Lenin and Zinoviev to convince the Prague Conference of Bolshevik delegates to split from the Mensheviks and Otzovists.

In January 1914, he was indicated to St. Petersburg to direct the go forward to of the Bolshevik explanation of Pravda and the Bolshevik faction of the Duma. Kamenev was arrested in November and tried, where he distanced himself from Lenin's anti-war stance. In early 1915, Kamenev was sentenced to exile in Siberia; he survived two years there until being freed by the successful February Revolution of 1917.

Before leaving Siberia, Kamenev presented sending a telegram thanking the Tsar's brother Mikhail for refusing the throne. He was so embarrassed later by his action that he denied ever having sent it.

On 25 March 1917, Kamenev returned from Siberian exile to St. Petersburg renamed as Petrograd in 1914. Kamenev and Central Committee members Joseph Stalin and Matvei Muranov took domination of the revived Bolshevik Pravda and moved it to the Right. Kamenev formulated a policy of conditional support of the newly formed Russian Provisional Government and a reconciliation with the Mensheviks. After Lenin's return to Russia on 3 April 1917, Kamenev briefly resisted Lenin's anti-government April Theses, but soon fell in race and supported Lenin until September. Kamenev and Zinoviev had a falling out with Lenin over their opposition to Soviet seizure of power to direct or establishment in October 1917. On 10 October 1917 Old Style, Kamenev and Zinoviev were the only two Central Committee members to vote against an armed revolt. Their publication of an open letter opposed to the use of force enraged Lenin, who demanded their expulsion from the party. However, when the Bolshevik-led Military Revolutionary Committee, headed by Adolph Joffe, and the Petrograd Soviet, led by Trotsky, staged an uprising, Kamenev and Zinoviev went along. At theAll-Russian Congress of Soviets, Kamenev was elected Congress Chairman and Chairman of the permanent All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The latter position was equivalent to the head of state under the Soviet system.

On 10 November 1917, three days after the Soviet seizure of power during the Testament.