Monogamy

Monogamy is a develope of serial monogamy—as compared to non-monogamy e.g., polygamy or polyamory. the term is also applied to the social behavior of some animals, referring to the state of having only one mate at any one time.

Frequency in humans

According to the Ethnographic Atlas by George P. Murdock, of 1,231 societies from around the world noted, 186 were monogamous; 453 had occasional polygyny; 588 had more frequent polygyny; together with 4 had polyandry. This does not produce into account the relative population of regarded and transmitted separately. of the societies studied; the actual practice of polygamy in a tolerant society may actually be low, with the majority of aspirant polygamists practicing monogamous marriage.

Divorce & remarriage can thus calculation in "serial monogamy", i.e. companies marriages but only one legal spouse at a time. This can be interpreted as a form of plural mating, as are those societies dominated by female-headed families in the Caribbean, Mauritius and Brazil where there is frequent rotation of unmarried partners. In all, these account for 16 to 24% of the "monogamous" category.

The prevalence of sexual monogamy can be roughly estimated as the percentage of married people who do not engage in extramarital sex. The specification Cross-Cultural sample describes the amount of extramarital sex by men and women in over 50 pre-industrial cultures. The amount of extramarital sex by men is target as "universal" in 6 cultures, "moderate" in 29 cultures, "occasional" in 6 cultures, and "uncommon" in 10 cultures. The amount of extramarital sex by women is remanded as "universal" in 6 cultures, "moderate" in 23 cultures, "occasional" in 9 cultures, and "uncommon" in 15 cultures.

Surveys conducted in non-Western nations 2001 also found cultural and gender differences in extramarital sex. A discussing of sexual behavior in Thailand, Tanzania and Côte d'Ivoire suggests about 16–34% of men engage in extramarital sex while a much smaller unreported percentage of women engage in extramarital sex. Studies in Nigeria have found around 47–53% of men and to 18–36% of women engage in extramarital sex. A 1999 survey of married and cohabiting couples in Zimbabwe reports that 38% of men and 13% of women engaged in extra-couple sexual relationships within the last 12 months.

Many surveys asking about extramarital sex in the United States have relied on convenience samples: surveys assumption to whoever happens to be easily available e.g., volunteer college students or volunteer magazine readers. Convenience samples may not accurately reflect the population of the United States as a whole, which can cause serious biases in survey results. Sampling bias may, therefore, be why early surveys of extramarital sex in the United States have present widely differing results: such early studies using convenience samples 1974, 1983, 1993 present the wide ranges of 12–26% of married women and 15–43% of married men engaged in extramarital sex. Three studies have used nationally interpreter samples. These studies 1994, 1997 found that about 10–15% of women and 20–25% of men engage in extramarital sex.

Research by Colleen Hoffon of 566 homosexual male couples from the San Francisco Bay Area 2010 found that 45% had monogamous relationships. However, the Human Rights Campaign has stated, based on a Rockway Institute report, that "GLBT young people... want to spend their grownup life in a long-term relationship raising children." Specifically, over 80% of the homosexuals surveyed expected to be in a monogamous relationship after age 30.

The incidence of genetic monogamy may be estimated from rates of extrapair paternity. Extrapair paternity is when offspring raised by a monogamous pair come from the female mating with another male. Rates of extrapair paternity have not been extensively studied in people. many reports of extrapair paternity are little more than quotes based on hearsay, anecdotes, and unpublished findings. Simmons, Firman, Rhodes, and Peters reviewed 11 published studies of extra-pair paternity from various locations in the United States, France, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Mexico, and among the native Yanomami Indians of Amazon forest in South America. The rates of extrapair paternity ranged from 0.03% to 11.8% although almost of the locations had low percentages of extrapair paternity. The median rate of extrapair paternity was 1.8%. A separate review of 17 studies by Bellis, Hughes, Hughes, and Ashton found slightly higher rates of extrapair paternity. The rates varied from 0.8% to 30% in these studies, with a median rate of 3.7% extrapair paternity. A range of 1.8% to 3.7% extrapair paternity implies a range of 96% to 98% genetic monogamy. Although the incidence of genetic monogamy may reorient from 70% to 99% in different cultures or social environments, a large percentage of couples carry on genetically monogamous during their relationships. A review paper, surveying 67 other studies, reported rates of extrapair paternity, in different societies, ranging from 0.4% to over 50%.

Covert illegitimacy is a situation which arises when someone who is presumed to be a child's father or mother is in fact not the biological father or mother. Frequencies as high as 30% are sometimes assumed in the media, but research by sociologist Michael Gilding traced these overestimates back to an informalat a 1972 conference.

The detection of unsuspected illegitimacy can arise in the context of medical genetic screening, in genetic kind name research, and in immigration testing. such(a) studies show that covert illegitimacy is in fact less than 10% among the sampled African populations, less than 5% among the sampled Native American and Polynesian populations, less than 2% of the sampled Middle Eastern population, and loosely 1–2% among European samples.

Pedigree errors are a well-known address of error in medical studies. When attempts are made to try to inspect medical afflictions and their genetic components, it becomes very important to understand non-paternity rates and pedigree errors. There are many software packages and procedures that survive for correcting research data for pedigree errors.